eight-forms: add Mollison ref [2] — Permaculture: A Designers' Manual, p.534, Tagari 1988

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russell@unturf.com 2026-04-08 20:53:58 -04:00
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ We measure wealth in dollars. That measurement captures one form of capital out
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This framework comes from Ethan Roland & Gregory Landua, who noticed that permaculture courses exchanged far more than money.<sup id="ref1"><a href="#fn1">[1]</a></sup> Knowledge, food, relationships, stories, spiritual growth, & physical labor all flowed between participants. They named what they observed: eight distinct forms of capital, each transformable into the others. This framework comes from Ethan Roland & Gregory Landua, who noticed that permaculture courses exchanged far more than money.<sup id="ref1"><a href="#fn1">[1]</a></sup> Knowledge, food, relationships, stories, spiritual growth, & physical labor all flowed between participants. They named what they observed: eight distinct forms of capital, each transformable into the others. Roland built on Bill Mollison&#8217;s earlier categorization of assets in <i>Permaculture: A Designers&#8217; Manual</i>.<sup id="ref2"><a href="#fn2">[2]</a></sup>
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<li id="fn1">Ethan C. Roland &amp; Gregory Landua, <a href="https://www.regenerativeenterprise.com/" target="_blank"><i>Regenerative Enterprise: Optimizing for Multi-Capital Abundance</i></a> (2013). Original article: Ethan C. Roland, &#8220;Eight Forms of Capital,&#8221; <i>Permaculture Magazine</i>, No. 68 (2011), AppleSeed Permaculture. PDF: <a href="http://appleseedpermaculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/8_Forms_of_Capital_PM68.pdf" target="_blank">appleseedpermaculture.com/&hellip;/8_Forms_of_Capital_PM68.pdf</a>. Diagrams generated from DOT source files included in this repository. <a href="#ref1">&#8617;</a></li> <li id="fn1">Ethan C. Roland &amp; Gregory Landua, <a href="https://www.regenerativeenterprise.com/" target="_blank"><i>Regenerative Enterprise: Optimizing for Multi-Capital Abundance</i></a> (2013). Original article: Ethan C. Roland, &#8220;Eight Forms of Capital,&#8221; <i>Permaculture Magazine</i>, No. 68 (2011), AppleSeed Permaculture. PDF: <a href="http://appleseedpermaculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/8_Forms_of_Capital_PM68.pdf" target="_blank">appleseedpermaculture.com/&hellip;/8_Forms_of_Capital_PM68.pdf</a>. Diagrams generated from DOT source files included in this repository. <a href="#ref1">&#8617;</a></li>
<li id="fn2">Bill Mollison, <i>Permaculture: A Designers&#8217; Manual</i>, p.&nbsp;534. Tagari Publications, Tasmania, Australia, 1988. <a href="#ref2">&#8617;</a></li>
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