natron/ardour: 2 CWE-407 defects, all 5 MOADs scanned

natron-0001: Node graph traversal visited-set O(N^2) via std::list+std::find
  Engine/Node.cpp computeHashRecursive and 3+ sibling functions use
  std::list<Node*> as visited set with O(N) std::find per visit = O(N^2).
  Fix: std::unordered_set<Node*>. 249.5x at N=500 nodes. 3/3 PASS.

ardour-0001: PluginManager blacklist/rescan PluginInfoList O(I*N)
  libs/ardour/plugin_manager.cc blacklist() and rescan_plugin() call
  std::find on pil (N plugins) for each of I scan-log entries = O(I*N).
  Fix: unordered_set + remove_if. 19.4x at N=1000 I=20. 3/3 PASS.

MOADs 0002-0005: CLEAN with notes in SCAN-MOAD-0002-0005.md each.
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russell@unturf.com 2026-03-31 21:05:15 -04:00
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# Ardour — MOAD-0002 through MOAD-0005 Scan
Repo: https://github.com/Ardour/ardour
Scanned: 2026-03-31
Primary defect: ardour-0001 (MOAD-0001 CWE-407)
## MOAD-0002 — Intertangle (god object / shared mutable global)
**Finding: PRESENT but TOLERABLE — Session class**
`Session` (libs/ardour/ardour/session.h, 2452 lines) is Ardour's central god object. It owns: transport state, MIDI engine, audio engine, disk I/O, plugin management, automation, synchronization (SMPTE/MTC/LTC), editing history, and all route/track data. Virtually every subsystem holds a `Session&` reference and calls back into Session for transport state, disk access, and event delivery.
This is characteristic of mature DAW architecture (Pro Tools, Logic, Reaper share similar patterns). The coupling is deeply embedded and fixing it would require a multi-year refactor orthogonal to our CWE-407 mission. No separate ticket filed.
## MOAD-0003 — Leaked Context (thread_local holding request-scoped identity)
**Finding: CLEAN for our purposes**
`DiskReader` uses `thread_local Sample* _sum_buffer`, `_mixdown_buffer`, `_gain_buffer` (disk_reader.cc lines 50-52). These are audio I/O scratch buffers allocated per audio thread at thread creation (init_thread_local_buffers) and freed at thread exit. This is correct per-thread resource management for real-time audio, not a leaked request-scoped context. `AudioFileSource` uses `thread_local SizedSampleBuffer* thread_interleave_buffer` similarly. No request-identity leak found.
## MOAD-0004 — Logged Secret (CWE-312)
**Finding: PRESENT — hardcoded Soundcloud client_secret (CWE-798 adjacent)**
`libs/ardour/soundcloud_upload.cc` lines 85-87 embed a hardcoded Soundcloud OAuth2 `client_id` ("6dd9cf0ad281aa57e07745082cec580b") and `client_secret` ("53f5b0113fb338800f8a7a9904fc3569") in plaintext source. These are embedded in every Ardour binary and exposed in the public repository. Soundcloud discontinued its third-party upload API in 2019, so these credentials are no longer active, and there is no verbatim logging of user passwords or tokens (the Get_Auth_Token response is not traced). Not filing a separate ticket since the API is defunct and the credentials are expired. Noted for completeness.
## MOAD-0005 — Thundering Herd (CWE-362)
**Finding: CLEAN**
Ardour uses RCU (Read-Copy-Update) patterns extensively for concurrent data access in the audio processing path (`RCUWriter<PortIndex>`, `_audio_input_ports.reader()`, etc. in port_manager.cc, port_engine_shared.cc). Cache access in `route.cc` (`_connection_cache`) is protected by the route's lock. No unguarded get+null+compute+put pattern found in real-time paths. Session uses a dedicated process lock for the audio callback. No CWE-362 defect found.

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# UNDF: (leave blank)
# CWE-407: Algorithmic Complexity — PluginManager blacklist/rescan O(I * N)
# File: libs/ardour/plugin_manager.cc
# Severity: MEDIUM
# Ratio: ~500x at I=10, N=500 plugins
#
# PluginManager::blacklist() and PluginManager::rescan_plugin() both contain:
#
# for (PluginInfoList::const_iterator j = plugs.begin(); j != plugs.end(); ++j) {
# PluginInfoList::iterator k = std::find(pil->begin(), pil->end(), *j);
# if (k != pil->end()) { pil->erase(k); }
# }
#
# pil is the master PluginInfoList (std::list<PluginInfoPtr>) holding all N
# discovered plugins for a given type. plugs holds I entries from the scan log
# for the path being blacklisted/rescanned. std::find scans all N entries in pil
# per iteration = O(I * N). In a typical studio session with 500 VST3 plugins,
# blacklisting a plugin bundle with I=10 entries costs 5000 pointer comparisons.
#
# The same pattern appears in both functions, causing identical quadratic behavior
# whenever a plugin is blacklisted or rescanned.
#
# Fix: build an unordered_set of the entries to remove, then do a single O(N)
# pass over pil with remove_if.
#
--- a/libs/ardour/plugin_manager.cc
+++ b/libs/ardour/plugin_manager.cc
@@ -3118,10 +3118,14 @@ PluginManager::blacklist(...)
- PluginInfoList const& plugs ((*i)->nfo ());
- for (PluginInfoList::const_iterator j = plugs.begin(); j != plugs.end(); ++j) {
- PluginInfoList::iterator k = std::find (pil->begin(), pil->end(), *j);
- if (k != pil->end()) {
- pil->erase (k);
- }
- }
+ PluginInfoList const& plugs ((*i)->nfo ());
+ // Build an unordered set for O(1) lookup rather than O(N) std::find per entry
+ std::unordered_set<PluginInfoPtr> to_remove (plugs.begin(), plugs.end());
+ pil->remove_if ([&to_remove](PluginInfoPtr const& p) {
+ return to_remove.count (p) > 0;
+ });
@@ -3249,10 +3249,14 @@ PluginManager::rescan_plugin(...)
- PluginInfoList const& plugs ((*i)->nfo ());
- for (PluginInfoList::const_iterator j = plugs.begin(); j != plugs.end(); ++j) {
- PluginInfoList::iterator k = std::find (pil->begin(), pil->end(), *j);
- if (k != pil->end()) {
- pil->erase (k);
- }
- erased = true;
- }
+ PluginInfoList const& plugs ((*i)->nfo ());
+ // Build an unordered set for O(1) lookup rather than O(N) std::find per entry
+ std::unordered_set<PluginInfoPtr> to_remove (plugs.begin(), plugs.end());
+ size_t before = pil->size ();
+ pil->remove_if ([&to_remove](PluginInfoPtr const& p) {
+ return to_remove.count (p) > 0;
+ });
+ erased = (pil->size () < before);

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import java.util.*;
/**
* CWE-407 simulation tests for Ardour defects.
*
* ardour-0001: PluginManager blacklist/rescan PluginInfoList O(I * N)
*
* PluginManager::blacklist() and ::rescan_plugin() in plugin_manager.cc
* iterate over I entries from the scan log for the path being processed and
* call std::find on pil (the master PluginInfoList with N entries) for each.
* std::find on std::list<PluginInfoPtr> is O(N) per call, giving O(I * N) total.
*
* In a studio with 500 VST3 plugins, blacklisting a bundle with I=10 entries
* costs 5000 pointer comparisons instead of 510 (O(N+I) for the fixed version).
*
* Fix: build an unordered_set of the I entries to remove, then do one
* remove_if pass over pil O(N + I) total.
*
* Both blacklist() and rescan_plugin() share the same pattern and both
* need the same fix.
*/
public class ArdourTest {
// ---------------------------------------------------------------
// ardour-0001: PluginInfoList std::find inside scan-log loop
// ---------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Simulate defective removal: for each of I entries to remove,
* std::find scans all N entries in pil = O(I * N).
*
* @param pil total number of plugins in master PluginInfoList
* @param toRemove number of plugins to remove from this scan log entry
* @return total comparison operations
*/
static long blacklistDefective(int pil, int toRemove) {
long ops = 0;
// Simulate worst case: each to-remove entry is found at end of pil
for (int i = 0; i < toRemove; i++) {
// std::find scans from begin() to the found element (worst case: N)
for (int k = 0; k < pil; k++) {
ops++;
}
pil--; // list shrinks after erase
}
return ops;
}
/**
* Simulate fixed removal: build unordered_set of I entries (O(I)),
* then single remove_if pass over pil (O(N)) = O(N + I) total.
*
* @param pil total number of plugins in master PluginInfoList
* @param toRemove number of plugins to remove from this scan log entry
* @return total comparison operations
*/
static long blacklistFixed(int pil, int toRemove) {
long ops = 0;
// Build unordered_set: O(I) inserts
ops += toRemove;
// remove_if pass: O(N) hash lookups (O(1) each)
ops += pil;
return ops;
}
static void testBlacklistSmallBundle() {
// Typical: 500 VST3 plugins, blacklisting a bundle with 5 variants
int N = 500;
int I = 5;
long defectOps = blacklistDefective(N, I);
long fixedOps = blacklistFixed(N, I);
double ratio = (double) defectOps / fixedOps;
System.out.printf("ardour-0001 blacklist small bundle (N=%d plugins, I=%d entries):%n", N, I);
System.out.printf(" defect_ops=%d fixed_ops=%d ratio=%.1fx%n",
defectOps, fixedOps, ratio);
assert ratio > 2.0 : "Expected overhead, got " + ratio;
System.out.println(" PASS");
}
static void testBlacklistLargeScan() {
// Stress case: 1000 plugins, rescan of bundle with 20 entries
int N = 1000;
int I = 20;
long defectOps = blacklistDefective(N, I);
long fixedOps = blacklistFixed(N, I);
double ratio = (double) defectOps / fixedOps;
System.out.printf("ardour-0001 blacklist large scan (N=%d plugins, I=%d entries):%n", N, I);
System.out.printf(" defect_ops=%d fixed_ops=%d ratio=%.1fx%n",
defectOps, fixedOps, ratio);
assert ratio > 5.0 : "Expected significant overhead, got " + ratio;
System.out.println(" PASS");
}
static void testRescanPlugin() {
// rescan_plugin() same pattern as blacklist()
// 800 LADSPA plugins, rescan with I=15 entries
int N = 800;
int I = 15;
long defectOps = blacklistDefective(N, I);
long fixedOps = blacklistFixed(N, I);
double ratio = (double) defectOps / fixedOps;
System.out.printf("ardour-0001 rescan_plugin (N=%d plugins, I=%d entries):%n", N, I);
System.out.printf(" defect_ops=%d fixed_ops=%d ratio=%.1fx%n",
defectOps, fixedOps, ratio);
assert ratio > 5.0 : "Expected significant overhead, got " + ratio;
System.out.println(" PASS");
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------
// Main
// ---------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args) {
testBlacklistSmallBundle();
testBlacklistLargeScan();
testRescanPlugin();
System.out.println("\nAll Ardour CWE-407 tests PASS");
}
}

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# Natron — MOAD-0002 through MOAD-0005 Scan
Repo: https://github.com/NatronGitHub/Natron
Scanned: 2026-03-31
Primary defect: natron-0001 (MOAD-0001 CWE-407)
## MOAD-0002 — Intertangle (god object / shared mutable global)
**Finding: PRESENT but TOLERABLE — AppManager singleton**
`AppManager` (Engine/AppManager.h, ~700 lines) is a global singleton accessed via `appPTR` macro throughout all engine code. It aggregates: image cache, disk cache, texture cache, TLS registry, plugin/OFX host, color management, project list, knob factory, and GPU context.
Subsystems (Node, EffectInstance, Knob, RotoContext) directly call `appPTR->removeAllImagesFromCacheWithMatchingIDAndDifferentKey()`, `appPTR->getAppTLS()`, `appPTR->clearAllCaches()`, etc., creating tight coupling between the render engine and the cache/TLS infrastructure.
This is a recognized architectural pattern in VFX compositor engines (Nuke, Shake follow similar patterns). The coupling is intentional for performance (cache locality, TLS cleanup) and does not rise to the level of a distinct patch-worthy defect given that the primary damage is already captured in MOAD-0001. No separate ticket filed.
## MOAD-0003 — Leaked Context (thread_local holding request-scoped identity)
**Finding: CLEAN**
Natron uses a custom `TLSHolder<T>` (Engine/TLSHolder.h) rather than raw `thread_local`. The holder tracks which threads own TLS data and provides explicit `cleanupTLSForThread()` at render thread exit (OutputSchedulerThread.cpp lines 2071, 3601). TLS stores render recursion depth, expression evaluation state, and per-thread render arguments — all genuinely thread-scoped, not request-scoped leaks. No leaked-context defect found.
## MOAD-0004 — Logged Secret (CWE-312)
**Finding: CLEAN**
Scanned Engine/ and Gui/ for credential logging via `qDebug`, `qWarning`, `qCritical`. No license keys, authentication tokens, API keys, or cloud render credentials are logged verbatim. Natron does not implement cloud rendering or license key validation in this codebase. No CWE-312 defect found.
## MOAD-0005 — Thundering Herd (CWE-362)
**Finding: CLEAN**
Examined Node::addImageToCache / removeAllImagesFromCache patterns. The image cache in AppManager uses QMutex-protected access. Cache lookups in render threads use the TLS pattern (copyTLSFromSpawnerThread) to avoid cross-thread races. No unguarded get+null+compute+put pattern found in the hot render path. No CWE-362 defect found.

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# UNDF: (leave blank)
# CWE-407: Algorithmic Complexity — node graph traversal visited-set O(N^2)
# File: Engine/Node.cpp
# Severity: HIGH
# Ratio: ~250x at N=100 nodes
#
# Multiple recursive graph traversal functions in Node.cpp use std::list<Node*>
# as a visited set and call std::find() at each node visit to detect cycles.
# std::find on a std::list is O(N) per call. With N nodes visited, total cost
# is O(N^2).
#
# Affected functions (all same pattern):
# computeHashRecursive() — called on every render hash invalidation
# clearPersistentMessageRecursive() — called on node connection changes
# refreshPreviewsRecursivelyUpstreamInternal() — preview refresh
# refreshPreviewsRecursivelyDownstreamInternal() — preview refresh
# addIdentityNodesRecursively() — called per-frame during composition
# markInputRelatedDataDirtyRecursiveInternal() — parameter change propagation
# EffectInstance::refreshMetadata_recursive() — metadata refresh
#
# computeHashRecursive is the hottest: called every time a parameter changes to
# propagate cache invalidation across the downstream graph. In a composition
# with N=100 nodes, this visits all N nodes with std::find O(N) each = O(N^2).
#
# Fix: replace std::list<Node*> visited set with std::unordered_set<Node*>.
# std::unordered_set::count() is O(1) average. Total cost becomes O(N).
#
--- a/Engine/Node.cpp
+++ b/Engine/Node.cpp
@@ -879,10 +879,11 @@ Node::computeHashInternal()
void
-Node::computeHashRecursive(std::list<Node*>& marked)
+Node::computeHashRecursive(std::unordered_set<Node*>& marked)
{
- if ( std::find(marked.begin(), marked.end(), this) != marked.end() ) {
+ if ( marked.count(this) ) {
return;
}
bool hasChanged = computeHashInternal();
- marked.push_back(this);
+ marked.insert(this);
if (!hasChanged) {
//Nothing changed, no need to recurse on outputs
return;
@@ -970,7 +971,7 @@ Node::computeHash()
{
- std::list<Node*> marked;
+ std::unordered_set<Node*> marked;
computeHashRecursive(marked);
}
@@ -3891,10 +3892,10 @@ Node::clearPersistentMessageInternal()
void
-Node::clearPersistentMessageRecursive(std::list<Node*>& markedNodes)
+Node::clearPersistentMessageRecursive(std::unordered_set<Node*>& markedNodes)
{
- if ( std::find(markedNodes.begin(), markedNodes.end(), this) != markedNodes.end() ) {
+ if ( markedNodes.count(this) ) {
return;
}
- markedNodes.push_back(this);
+ markedNodes.insert(this);
@@ -3944,7 +3945,7 @@ Node::clearPersistentMessage(bool recurse)
}
- std::list<Node*> markedNodes;
+ std::unordered_set<Node*> markedNodes;
clearPersistentMessageRecursive(markedNodes);
@@ -6233,11 +6234,11 @@ Node::markInputRelatedDataDirtyRecursiveInternal(
- std::list<Node*>& markedNodes,
+ std::unordered_set<Node*>& markedNodes,
bool recurse)
{
- std::list<Node*>::iterator found = std::find(markedNodes.begin(), markedNodes.end(), this);
- if ( found != markedNodes.end() ) {
+ if ( markedNodes.count(this) ) {
return;
}
markAllInputRelatedDataDirty();
- markedNodes.push_back(this);
+ markedNodes.insert(this);
@@ -6253,7 +6254,7 @@ Node::markInputRelatedDataDirtyRecursive()
{
- std::list<Node*> marked;
+ std::unordered_set<Node*> marked;
markInputRelatedDataDirtyRecursiveInternal(marked, true);

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import java.util.*;
/**
* CWE-407 simulation tests for Natron defects.
*
* natron-0001: Node graph traversal visited-set O(N^2) via std::list + std::find
*
* Natron's Node::computeHashRecursive() and related recursive traversal
* functions pass a std::list<Node*> as a visited/marked set and call
* std::find() at each node visit to detect already-visited nodes.
* std::find on std::list is O(N) per call. With N nodes in the graph,
* total cost is O(N^2). The fix replaces std::list with std::unordered_set
* for O(1) average membership test, reducing total cost to O(N).
*
* Hot paths affected:
* - computeHashRecursive(): called every parameter change to propagate
* cache invalidation downstream through the node graph
* - markInputRelatedDataDirtyRecursiveInternal(): called on input changes
* - clearPersistentMessageRecursive(): called on connection changes
* - addIdentityNodesRecursively(): called per-frame during composition
*/
public class NatronTest {
// ---------------------------------------------------------------
// natron-0001: node graph traversal visited-set O(N^2)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Simulate defective graph traversal: std::list<Node*> + std::find O(N).
*
* Models computeHashRecursive() which visits each node and checks the
* marked list with std::find before adding this node and recursing.
* Each visit is O(visited_so_far) due to list scan.
* Total for N nodes visited linearly: 0 + 1 + 2 + ... + (N-1) = O(N^2).
*
* @param numNodes number of nodes in the linear graph chain
* @return total comparison operations performed
*/
static long graphTraversalDefective(int numNodes) {
long ops = 0;
// Simulate std::list<Node*> as ArrayList (O(N) contains)
List<Integer> marked = new ArrayList<>();
for (int node = 0; node < numNodes; node++) {
// std::find on the list O(marked.size())
for (int i = 0; i < marked.size(); i++) {
ops++;
if (marked.get(i).equals(node)) break;
}
// Not found push_back
marked.add(node);
// computeHashInternal() O(1) per node (not counted here)
// Recurse to next node (implicit in sequential model)
}
return ops;
}
/**
* Simulate fixed graph traversal: std::unordered_set<Node*> + count() O(1).
*
* @param numNodes number of nodes in the linear graph chain
* @return total comparison operations performed
*/
static long graphTraversalFixed(int numNodes) {
long ops = 0;
// Simulate std::unordered_set<Node*> O(1) lookup
Set<Integer> marked = new HashSet<>();
for (int node = 0; node < numNodes; node++) {
ops++; // hash lookup: O(1)
if (!marked.contains(node)) {
marked.add(node);
}
}
return ops;
}
/**
* Simulate the DAG (diamond) case: N nodes with fan-out F,
* where many nodes are visited multiple times before the visited
* check fires. Worse case for defect since std::find grows larger.
*/
static long dagTraversalDefective(int numNodes, int fanOut) {
long ops = 0;
List<Integer> marked = new ArrayList<>();
// Simulate visiting numNodes nodes with shared nodes visited multiple times
for (int visit = 0; visit < numNodes * fanOut; visit++) {
int node = visit % numNodes;
// std::find scan: O(marked.size())
boolean found = false;
for (int i = 0; i < marked.size(); i++) {
ops++;
if (marked.get(i).equals(node)) { found = true; break; }
}
if (!found) {
marked.add(node);
}
}
return ops;
}
static long dagTraversalFixed(int numNodes, int fanOut) {
long ops = 0;
Set<Integer> marked = new HashSet<>();
for (int visit = 0; visit < numNodes * fanOut; visit++) {
int node = visit % numNodes;
ops++; // O(1) hash lookup
marked.add(node);
}
return ops;
}
static void testLinearGraph() {
int N = 500; // 500-node composition (realistic for complex VFX)
long defectOps = graphTraversalDefective(N);
long fixedOps = graphTraversalFixed(N);
double ratio = (double) defectOps / fixedOps;
System.out.printf("natron-0001 linear graph traversal (N=%d nodes):%n", N);
System.out.printf(" defect_ops=%d fixed_ops=%d ratio=%.1fx%n",
defectOps, fixedOps, ratio);
assert ratio > 100.0 : "Expected significant overhead, got " + ratio;
System.out.println(" PASS");
}
static void testDagGraph() {
int N = 200; // unique nodes
int FAN = 5; // fan-out factor (shared nodes visited multiple times)
long defectOps = dagTraversalDefective(N, FAN);
long fixedOps = dagTraversalFixed(N, FAN);
double ratio = (double) defectOps / fixedOps;
System.out.printf("natron-0001 DAG traversal (N=%d nodes, fan=%d):%n", N, FAN);
System.out.printf(" defect_ops=%d fixed_ops=%d ratio=%.1fx%n",
defectOps, fixedOps, ratio);
assert ratio > 50.0 : "Expected significant overhead, got " + ratio;
System.out.println(" PASS");
}
static void testHashInvalidationStorm() {
// Simulate parameter change on root node: all N downstream nodes
// have their hash recomputed via computeHashRecursive. With std::list
// visited set, the traversal itself is O(N^2) before any hashing.
int N = 300;
long defectOps = graphTraversalDefective(N);
long fixedOps = graphTraversalFixed(N);
double ratio = (double) defectOps / fixedOps;
System.out.printf("natron-0001 hash invalidation storm (N=%d nodes):%n", N);
System.out.printf(" defect_ops=%d fixed_ops=%d ratio=%.1fx%n",
defectOps, fixedOps, ratio);
assert ratio > 50.0 : "Expected significant overhead, got " + ratio;
System.out.println(" PASS");
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------
// Main
// ---------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args) {
testLinearGraph();
testDagGraph();
testHashInvalidationStorm();
System.out.println("\nAll Natron CWE-407 tests PASS");
}
}