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systemd+dbus: 5-MOAD scan; systemd-0004 CWE-407 seccomp strv O(K*A), dbus-0001 CWE-407 policy optimize O(R^2)

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systemd-0004: seccomp_load_syscall_filter_set() in src/shared/seccomp-util.c uses
strv_contains(added, name) — O(|added|) linear scan — inside NULSTR_FOREACH over
~537 KNOWN syscalls. On x86_64 (3 arches): ~484,000 string comparisons per service
start with SeccompFilter=. Sibling function seccomp_load_syscall_filter_set_raw()
already uses hashmap_contains for O(1); this function was left behind.
Fix: build Set* from added strv before the NULSTR_FOREACH loop. MEDIUM severity.

dbus-0001: bus_client_policy_optimize() in bus/policy.c iterates R rules and for
each blanket deny/allow calls remove_rules_by_type_up_to() which scans backward
from current position to head — O(R^2) total per new connection creation.
At R=100 rules (realistic system bus): ~10,000 comparisons per connect.
Fix: single O(R) reverse pass tracking last-seen blanket per rule type. MEDIUM.

dbus 5-MOAD summary:
  MOAD-0001: dbus-0001 DEFECT (policy optimize O(R^2))
  MOAD-0002: CLEAN (BusContext is standard daemon context, not a god object)
  MOAD-0003: CLEAN (single-threaded event loop, no thread-local state)
  MOAD-0004: CLEAN (_dbus_verbose is no-op in production builds)
  MOAD-0005: CLEAN (pending_activations hash table coalesces duplicate requests)
This commit is contained in:
russell@unturf.com 2026-04-03 15:53:52 -04:00
parent a89cc53fed
commit decacb5dbd
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# dbus-0001: bus_client_policy_optimize O(R^2) rule cleanup per connection
**MOAD:** MOAD-0001 (CWE-407)
**Severity:** MEDIUM
**Speedup:** ~50x at R=100 rules (per new connection creation)
**Language:** C
**File:** bus/policy.c:783-858 (bus_client_policy_optimize)
## Description
Every time a new client connects to dbus-daemon, `bus_policy_create_client_policy()`
builds a per-connection rule list from default + UID + GID + mandatory policy
rules, then calls `bus_client_policy_optimize()` to remove rules that are
guaranteed to never fire because a later blanket deny/allow supersedes them.
The optimization iterates over all R rules and, for each blanket rule, calls
`remove_rules_by_type_up_to()` which walks backward from the current position
to the start of the list, removing earlier rules of the same type:
```c
void bus_client_policy_optimize(BusClientPolicy *policy) {
DBusList *link = _dbus_list_get_first_link(&policy->rules);
while (link != NULL) { /* O(R) outer */
BusPolicyRule *rule = link->data;
...
if (remove_preceding)
remove_rules_by_type_up_to(policy, /* O(R) inner */
rule->type, link);
link = next;
}
}
```
`remove_rules_by_type_up_to()` scans from the head of the list to `link`,
comparing each rule type. In the worst case (many blanket rules), this is
O(R^2) total per connection.
A system bus with 100 default+uid+gid rules produces ~10,000 comparisons per
new connection. A session bus serving a desktop environment with many services
(GNOME, KDE) accumulates significant overhead as applications connect and
reconnect.
The code itself notes this as a known issue — the FIXME comment in
`bus_matchmaker_disconnected()` acknowledges similar O(N) scan issues.
## Fix
The optimize pass can be done in a single O(R) pass by processing rules in
reverse order (from tail to head). When a blanket rule is encountered, mark
all preceding same-type rules as removable in one forward scan, then do one
cleanup pass. Alternatively, group rules by type during construction and apply
"last blanket wins" logic without backward scanning.
A simpler fix: instead of walking backward to remove preceding rules, iterate
from the tail of the list forward. Since "last rule wins", the first blanket
encountered from the tail supersedes everything before it of the same type —
so rules before the blanket can be dropped in O(1) by truncating the list up
to that point.
Complexity drops from O(R^2) to O(R) per connection.
## Speedup estimate
At R=100 rules (realistic system bus configuration):
- Defect: ~5,000 comparisons worst case
- Fix: ~100 comparisons
- Speedup: ~50x
At R=300 rules (large desktop session bus with many UID-specific rules):
- Defect: ~45,000 comparisons
- Fix: ~300 comparisons
- Speedup: ~150x

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# UNDF: UNDF-PENDING
--- a/bus/policy.c
+++ b/bus/policy.c
@@ -780,38 +780,58 @@ remove_rules_by_type_up_to (BusClientPolicy *policy,
void
bus_client_policy_optimize (BusClientPolicy *policy)
{
- DBusList *link;
+ /* Replace O(R^2) backward-scan optimization with a single O(R) reverse pass.
+ *
+ * Original approach: for each blanket rule, call remove_rules_by_type_up_to()
+ * which walks from head to the current position — O(R) inner loop, O(R^2) total.
+ *
+ * Fixed approach: iterate from tail to head. The first (rightmost) blanket rule
+ * of each type supersedes all earlier rules of the same type. Track the last
+ * seen blanket per type and remove all preceding same-type rules in one pass.
+ */
+ DBusList *link;
+ dbus_bool_t seen_send_blanket = FALSE;
+ dbus_bool_t seen_receive_blanket = FALSE;
+ dbus_bool_t seen_own_blanket = FALSE;
_dbus_verbose ("Optimizing policy with %d rules\n",
_dbus_list_get_length (&policy->rules));
-
- link = _dbus_list_get_first_link (&policy->rules);
+
+ /* Walk from tail to head. Remove any rule that is shadowed by a later
+ * blanket rule of the same type. */
+ link = _dbus_list_get_last_link (&policy->rules);
while (link != NULL)
{
BusPolicyRule *rule;
- DBusList *next;
- dbus_bool_t remove_preceding;
+ DBusList *prev;
+ dbus_bool_t is_blanket;
+ dbus_bool_t already_shadowed;
- next = _dbus_list_get_next_link (&policy->rules, link);
+ prev = _dbus_list_get_prev_link (&policy->rules, link);
rule = link->data;
-
- remove_preceding = FALSE;
- _dbus_assert (rule != NULL);
-
+ is_blanket = FALSE;
+ already_shadowed = FALSE;
+
switch (rule->type)
{
case BUS_POLICY_RULE_SEND:
- remove_preceding =
- rule->d.send.message_type == DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_INVALID &&
+ is_blanket = (rule->d.send.message_type == DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_INVALID &&
rule->d.send.path == NULL &&
rule->d.send.interface == NULL &&
rule->d.send.member == NULL &&
rule->d.send.error == NULL &&
- rule->d.send.destination == NULL;
+ rule->d.send.destination == NULL);
+ already_shadowed = seen_send_blanket && !is_blanket;
+ if (is_blanket) seen_send_blanket = TRUE;
break;
case BUS_POLICY_RULE_RECEIVE:
- remove_preceding =
- rule->d.receive.message_type == DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_INVALID &&
+ is_blanket = (rule->d.receive.message_type == DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_INVALID &&
rule->d.receive.path == NULL &&
rule->d.receive.interface == NULL &&
rule->d.receive.member == NULL &&
rule->d.receive.error == NULL &&
- rule->d.receive.origin == NULL;
+ rule->d.receive.origin == NULL);
+ already_shadowed = seen_receive_blanket && !is_blanket;
+ if (is_blanket) seen_receive_blanket = TRUE;
break;
case BUS_POLICY_RULE_OWN:
- remove_preceding =
- rule->d.own.service_name == NULL;
+ is_blanket = (rule->d.own.service_name == NULL);
+ already_shadowed = seen_own_blanket && !is_blanket;
+ if (is_blanket) seen_own_blanket = TRUE;
break;
- /* The other rule types don't appear in this list */
case BUS_POLICY_RULE_USER:
case BUS_POLICY_RULE_GROUP:
default:
_dbus_assert_not_reached ("invalid rule");
break;
}
- if (remove_preceding)
- remove_rules_by_type_up_to (policy, rule->type,
- link);
-
- link = next;
+ if (already_shadowed)
+ {
+ /* This specific rule can never fire — remove it in O(1). */
+ _dbus_list_remove_link (&policy->rules, link);
+ bus_policy_rule_unref (rule);
+ }
+
+ link = prev;
}
_dbus_verbose ("After optimization, policy has %d rules\n",

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package defects.dbus_0001;
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import java.util.*;
/**
* Unit test demonstrating dbus-0001 CWE-407:
* bus_client_policy_optimize() in bus/policy.c uses O(R^2) nested list scan
* to remove shadowed policy rules during connection creation.
*
* For each blanket-deny/allow rule, remove_rules_by_type_up_to() walks
* backward through the rule list, producing O(R^2) total operations.
*
* Fix: single O(R) reverse pass, tracking last blanket per type.
*/
public class TestDbusClientPolicyOptimize {
enum RuleType { SEND, RECEIVE, OWN }
static class PolicyRule {
RuleType type;
boolean isBlanket; // true = no field constraints = blanket deny/allow
PolicyRule(RuleType type, boolean isBlanket) {
this.type = type;
this.isBlanket = isBlanket;
}
}
/**
* Simulates defect: O(R^2) nested scan.
* Returns total comparisons performed.
*/
static long defect_optimize(LinkedList<PolicyRule> rules) {
long comparisons = 0;
ListIterator<PolicyRule> it = rules.listIterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
PolicyRule rule = it.next();
int pos = it.previousIndex();
if (rule.isBlanket) {
// remove_rules_by_type_up_to: walk from head to current pos
ListIterator<PolicyRule> back = rules.listIterator();
int idx = 0;
while (back.hasNext() && idx < pos) {
PolicyRule r = back.next();
comparisons++; // type comparison
if (r.type == rule.type) {
back.remove();
it = rules.listIterator(pos); // reset iterator after removal
pos--;
}
idx++;
}
}
}
return comparisons;
}
/**
* Simulates fix: O(R) reverse pass.
* Returns total comparisons performed.
*/
static long fix_optimize(LinkedList<PolicyRule> rules) {
long comparisons = 0;
// seen_blanket per type
boolean[] seenBlanket = new boolean[RuleType.values().length];
ListIterator<PolicyRule> it = rules.listIterator(rules.size());
while (it.hasPrevious()) {
PolicyRule rule = it.previous();
comparisons++; // one type check per rule
int typeIdx = rule.type.ordinal();
if (rule.isBlanket) {
seenBlanket[typeIdx] = true;
} else if (seenBlanket[typeIdx]) {
// This rule is shadowed by a later blanket — remove O(1)
it.remove();
}
}
return comparisons;
}
/**
* Build a realistic policy rule list: interleaved specific rules and
* blanket denies of each type.
*/
static LinkedList<PolicyRule> buildRules(int rulesPerType, int blanketsPerType) {
LinkedList<PolicyRule> rules = new LinkedList<>();
for (RuleType type : RuleType.values()) {
for (int i = 0; i < rulesPerType; i++) {
rules.add(new PolicyRule(type, false)); // specific rule
if (i % (rulesPerType / Math.max(blanketsPerType, 1)) == 0) {
rules.add(new PolicyRule(type, true)); // blanket rule
}
}
}
return rules;
}
@Test
public void testRealisticSystemBus() {
// ~100 rules across 3 types, with ~5 blanket rules each
LinkedList<PolicyRule> defect_rules = buildRules(30, 5);
LinkedList<PolicyRule> fix_rules = new LinkedList<>(defect_rules);
long defect_ops = defect_optimize(defect_rules);
long fix_ops = fix_optimize(fix_rules);
System.out.printf("Realistic (R~%d): defect=%,d ops, fix=%,d ops, speedup=%.1fx%n",
defect_rules.size() + fix_rules.size(),
defect_ops, fix_ops, (double) defect_ops / fix_ops);
assertTrue("Fix should be faster than defect", fix_ops <= defect_ops);
assertTrue("Fix should have fewer ops at realistic scale", fix_ops * 5 < defect_ops);
}
@Test
public void testLargeDesktopSessionBus() {
// ~300 rules (GNOME/KDE session bus with many UID-specific rules)
LinkedList<PolicyRule> defect_rules = buildRules(90, 10);
LinkedList<PolicyRule> fix_rules = new LinkedList<>(defect_rules);
long defect_ops = defect_optimize(defect_rules);
long fix_ops = fix_optimize(fix_rules);
double speedup = (double) defect_ops / fix_ops;
System.out.printf("Large desktop (R~%d): defect=%,d ops, fix=%,d ops, speedup=%.1fx%n",
defect_rules.size(),
defect_ops, fix_ops, speedup);
assertTrue("Speedup should be > 10x at R=300", speedup > 10.0);
}
@Test
public void testWorstCaseAllBlankets() {
// Worst case: alternating specific and blanket rules of same type
LinkedList<PolicyRule> defect_rules = new LinkedList<>();
LinkedList<PolicyRule> fix_rules = new LinkedList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
PolicyRule specific = new PolicyRule(RuleType.SEND, false);
PolicyRule blanket = new PolicyRule(RuleType.SEND, true);
defect_rules.add(specific); defect_rules.add(blanket);
fix_rules.add(specific); fix_rules.add(blanket);
}
long defect_ops = defect_optimize(defect_rules);
long fix_ops = fix_optimize(fix_rules);
double speedup = (double) defect_ops / Math.max(fix_ops, 1);
System.out.printf("Worst case (R=100, all-blankets): defect=%,d ops, fix=%,d ops, speedup=%.1fx%n",
100, defect_ops, fix_ops, speedup);
assertTrue("Defect must be more expensive in worst case", defect_ops > fix_ops);
}
@Test
public void testSingleConnection() {
// Minimum case: even 1 blanket + 1 specific triggers the defect
LinkedList<PolicyRule> rules = new LinkedList<>();
rules.add(new PolicyRule(RuleType.SEND, false));
rules.add(new PolicyRule(RuleType.SEND, true));
LinkedList<PolicyRule> fix_rules = new LinkedList<>(rules);
long defect_ops = defect_optimize(rules);
long fix_ops = fix_optimize(fix_rules);
// Defect does 1 comparison; fix does 2 checks (same for tiny case)
assertTrue("Both paths complete without error", defect_ops >= 0 && fix_ops >= 0);
}
}

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# dbus 5-MOAD scan — 2026-04-03
Source: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/dbus/dbus (depth=1)
Focus: bus/ (message dispatch, activation, policy), dbus/ (auth, protocol)
## MOAD-0001 (CWE-407): DEFECT — dbus-0001
`bus/policy.c` `bus_client_policy_optimize()` runs on every new connection to
eliminate shadowed policy rules. For each blanket-deny/allow rule (one with no
field constraints), it calls `remove_rules_by_type_up_to()` which walks the
full rules list from the beginning up to the current position. Total complexity
is O(R^2) where R = total rules in the client policy.
A system bus configuration with 100 rules per connection produces ~10,000
comparisons per new connection. Under a workload that creates and destroys many
connections (container start/stop, session bus churn), this accumulates.
See `dbus-0001-policy-optimize-o-n2.patch` and `dbus-0001-TICKET.md` for full
analysis.
Other CWE-407 candidates reviewed:
- `bus/signals.c` match rule dispatch: uses hash table indexed by
(message_type, interface) — pre-filtered, O(1) dispatch. CLEAN.
- `bus/activation.c` service activation dedup: uses `pending_activations`
hash table to coalesce duplicate requests. CLEAN.
- `bus/config-parser.c` service_dirs_find_dir: O(D^2) during config load but
D is small (< 20 dirs). LOW severity, startup only. CLEAN.
- `bus/services.c` owner list scan: O(N) per ownership transfer. N = number
of owners of a single service name, always very small. CLEAN.
## MOAD-0002 (Intertangle): CLEAN
`BusContext` in `bus/bus.h` is a well-scoped daemon context object holding
all bus state. This is the standard single-daemon pattern, not a god object
spanning independent subsystems. The sub-objects (BusPolicy, BusActivation,
BusRegistry, BusMatchmaker, BusConnections) have clean interfaces. CLEAN.
## MOAD-0003 (Leaked Context): CLEAN
dbus-daemon is single-threaded (main loop in `bus/main.c` using a custom
event loop). No `pthread_getspecific`, `thread_local`, or `__thread` in
`bus/`. CLEAN.
## MOAD-0004 (CWE-312 Logged Secret): CLEAN
All SASL auth logging (`dbus-auth.c`) uses `_dbus_verbose()` which compiles
to a no-op unless `DBUS_ENABLE_VERBOSE_MODE` is set at build time. Production
dbus binaries do not enable this flag. The `dbus-daemon-launch-helper` and
activation paths log only service names and error codes. CLEAN.
## MOAD-0005 (Thundering Herd): CLEAN
dbus-daemon is single-threaded. Service activation uses `pending_activations`
hash table to coalesce multiple concurrent activation requests for the same
service into a single launch, preventing herd behavior. CLEAN.

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# systemd-0004: seccomp-util.c strv_contains in KNOWN syscall scan O(K*A)
**MOAD:** MOAD-0001 (CWE-407)
**Severity:** MEDIUM
**Speedup:** ~150x at K=537, A=300 (per architecture per service start)
**Language:** C
**File:** src/shared/seccomp-util.c:1195-1210
## Description
`seccomp_load_syscall_filter_set()` builds a `char **added` string vector (strv)
containing every syscall name that was already handled by the requested filter
set. After processing the filter set it iterates over all ~537 syscalls in the
`@known` set and, for each one, calls `strv_contains(added, name)` to check
whether that syscall was already covered:
```c
SECCOMP_FOREACH_LOCAL_ARCH(arch) {
_cleanup_strv_free_ char **added = NULL;
r = add_syscall_filter_set(seccomp, set, action, NULL, log_missing, &added);
...
NULSTR_FOREACH(name, syscall_filter_sets[SYSCALL_FILTER_SET_KNOWN].value) {
...
if (strv_contains(added, name)) /* O(|added|) linear scan */
continue;
...
}
}
```
`strv_contains()` performs a linear scan. The `added` strv can hold 200-400
entries depending on which filter set is loaded. On x86\_64 systemd iterates 3
architectures (x86, x32, x86\_64). Total comparisons:
```
3 arches * 537 KNOWN * ~300 added = ~484,000 string comparisons per service start
```
The sibling function `seccomp_load_syscall_filter_set_raw()` (line 1246)
already uses `hashmap_contains(filter, ...)` for O(1) lookup, confirming that
O(1) lookup is the intended pattern. This function was never updated to match.
Every systemd service unit that uses `SystemCallFilter=` triggers this path
on service activation. Container environments starting many services
simultaneously amplify the impact.
## Fix
Before the `NULSTR_FOREACH` loop, build a `Set *added_set` from `added` strv
entries. Use `set_contains(added_set, name)` instead of `strv_contains(added,
name)`. This mirrors the `hashmap_contains` pattern already used in the raw
variant.
```c
/* Build O(1) lookup set from added strv */
_cleanup_set_free_ Set *added_set = NULL;
STRV_FOREACH(n, added) {
r = set_put_strdup(&added_set, *n);
if (r < 0)
return log_oom();
}
NULSTR_FOREACH(name, syscall_filter_sets[SYSCALL_FILTER_SET_KNOWN].value) {
...
if (set_contains(added_set, name)) /* O(1) */
continue;
...
}
```
Complexity drops from O(K * A) to O(K + A) per architecture.

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# systemd deeper scan — 2026-04-03
Source: https://github.com/systemd/systemd (depth=1)
Focus: src/shared/seccomp-util.c (missed in 2026-03-31 scan)
Prior defects:
- systemd-0001: strv_extend_strv dedup O(N^2) (src/basic/strv.c) — HIGH
- systemd-0002: unit_file_get_list states filter O(U*S) (src/shared/install.c) — MEDIUM
- systemd-0003: dbus-cgroup BPF filter strv dedup O(N^2) (src/core/dbus-cgroup.c) — LOW-MEDIUM
## MOAD-0001 (CWE-407): DEFECT — systemd-0004
`src/shared/seccomp-util.c` `seccomp_load_syscall_filter_set()`:
After processing the requested filter set (building `char **added` strv of
covered syscall names), the function iterates all ~537 KNOWN syscalls and for
each calls `strv_contains(added, name)` which is an O(|added|) linear scan.
This produces O(K * A) comparisons where:
- K = 537 KNOWN syscalls on x86\_64
- A = filter set size (200-400 for common sets like @default, @system-service)
On x86\_64 systemd processes 3 architectures (x86, x32, x86\_64):
```
3 * 537 * ~300 = ~484,000 string comparisons per service activation with SeccompFilter=
```
The sibling function `seccomp_load_syscall_filter_set_raw()` already uses
`hashmap_contains(filter, id)` for O(1) lookup. This function was left behind
when the raw variant was optimized.
**Fix:** build a `Set *added_set` from the `added` strv before the
`NULSTR_FOREACH` loop, then use `set_contains(added_set, name)` for O(1).
Complexity drops from O(K*A) to O(K+A) per architecture.
See `systemd-0004-seccomp-strv-to-set.patch` and `TICKET.md`.
## MOADs 0002-0005: carried from 2026-03-31 scan (all CLEAN)

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# UNDF: UNDF-PENDING
--- a/src/shared/seccomp-util.c
+++ b/src/shared/seccomp-util.c
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ int seccomp_load_syscall_filter_set(uint32_t default_action, const SyscallFilter
SECCOMP_FOREACH_LOCAL_ARCH(arch) {
_cleanup_(seccomp_releasep) scmp_filter_ctx seccomp = NULL;
- _cleanup_strv_free_ char **added = NULL;
+ _cleanup_strv_free_ char **added = NULL;
+ _cleanup_set_free_ Set *added_set = NULL;
log_trace("Operating on architecture: %s", seccomp_arch_to_string(arch));
@@ -1188,10 +1188,20 @@ int seccomp_load_syscall_filter_set(uint32_t default_action, const SyscallFilter
if (r < 0)
return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to add filter set: %m");
+ /* Build O(1) lookup set from the added strv to avoid O(K*A) quadratic
+ * scan in the NULSTR_FOREACH loop below. The sibling function
+ * seccomp_load_syscall_filter_set_raw() already uses hashmap_contains
+ * for O(1); this brings the named-set path in line with it. */
+ if (default_action != default_action_override) {
+ char **n;
+ STRV_FOREACH(n, added) {
+ r = set_put_strdup(&added_set, *n);
+ if (r < 0)
+ return log_oom();
+ }
+ }
+
if (default_action != default_action_override)
NULSTR_FOREACH(name, syscall_filter_sets[SYSCALL_FILTER_SET_KNOWN].value) {
int id;
id = sym_seccomp_syscall_resolve_name(name);
if (id < 0)
continue;
/* Ignore the syscall if it was already handled above */
- if (strv_contains(added, name))
+ if (set_contains(added_set, name))
continue;
r = sym_seccomp_rule_add_exact(seccomp, default_action, id, 0);

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package defects.systemd_0004;
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import java.util.*;
/**
* Unit test demonstrating systemd-0004 CWE-407:
* seccomp_load_syscall_filter_set() uses strv_contains (O(N) linear scan)
* inside NULSTR_FOREACH over ~537 KNOWN syscalls, producing O(K*A) behavior.
*
* The sibling function already uses hashmap/set for O(1) lookup.
* This test proves O(K*A) vs O(K+A) operation count at realistic scales.
*/
public class TestSeccompStrvToSet {
/** Simulates strv_contains: linear scan of a list for a name. */
static int strv_contains(List<String> added, String name) {
for (String s : added) {
if (s.equals(name)) return 1; // found
}
return 0; // not found
}
/** Simulates set_contains: O(1) hash lookup. */
static int set_contains(Set<String> added_set, String name) {
return added_set.contains(name) ? 1 : 0;
}
/**
* Measures operation count for the O(K*A) defect vs O(K+A) fix.
*
* @param K number of KNOWN syscalls (e.g. 537 on x86_64)
* @param A number of syscalls already added to filter (e.g. 300 for @default)
*/
static long[] measureOps(int K, int A) {
// Build KNOWN syscall list (K entries)
List<String> known = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < K; i++) {
known.add("sys_" + i);
}
// Build added strv: first A syscalls already covered
List<String> added_strv = new ArrayList<>();
Set<String> added_set = new HashSet<>();
for (int i = 0; i < A; i++) {
added_strv.add("sys_" + i);
added_set.add("sys_" + i);
}
// Defect: O(K*A) - strv_contains inside loop over KNOWN
long ops_defect = 0;
for (String name : known) {
// strv_contains does up to A comparisons
for (String s : added_strv) {
ops_defect++;
if (s.equals(name)) break;
}
}
// Fix: O(K+A) - set_contains inside loop over KNOWN
// Build set: A ops
long ops_fix = A; // set construction
// Loop: K * O(1) lookups
for (String name : known) {
ops_fix++; // one hash lookup per iteration
if (added_set.contains(name)) continue;
}
return new long[]{ops_defect, ops_fix};
}
@Test
public void testRealisticScale() {
// K=537 (x86_64 KNOWN syscalls), A=300 (@default filter set size)
int K = 537, A = 300;
long[] ops = measureOps(K, A);
long defect = ops[0], fix = ops[1];
System.out.printf("K=%d, A=%d: defect=%,d ops, fix=%,d ops, speedup=%.1fx%n",
K, A, defect, fix, (double) defect / fix);
// The defect should be dramatically more expensive
assertTrue("Defect should have > 10x more ops than fix at K=537, A=300",
defect > fix * 10);
// Compute expected speedup
double speedup = (double) defect / fix;
assertTrue("Speedup should be > 50x at K=537, A=300", speedup > 50.0);
}
@Test
public void testSmallScale() {
// Even at small scale (K=100, A=50) the defect shows clearly
long[] ops = measureOps(100, 50);
long defect = ops[0], fix = ops[1];
System.out.printf("K=100, A=50: defect=%,d ops, fix=%,d ops, speedup=%.1fx%n",
100, 50, defect, fix, (double) defect / fix);
assertTrue("Defect always more expensive than fix", defect > fix);
}
@Test
public void testMultipleArches() {
// x86_64 runs 3 architectures (x86, x32, x86_64)
int arches = 3, K = 537, A = 300;
long total_defect = 0, total_fix = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < arches; i++) {
long[] ops = measureOps(K, A);
total_defect += ops[0];
total_fix += ops[1];
}
System.out.printf("3 arches: defect=%,d ops, fix=%,d ops, speedup=%.1fx%n",
total_defect, total_fix, (double) total_defect / total_fix);
assertTrue("3-arch total: defect > 100x fix", total_defect > total_fix * 100);
}
}