# unturf.

### grow food not lawn

manifesto · eight forms of capital · single-use plastics · hemp bioplastic · recipe · homeschool · free software

## Homeschool Hemp Bioplastic

Three age-appropriate recipes for turning hemp fiber into a physical object you take home. Each recipe uses a different approach from a full process guide, broken into daily sessions like a crafting progression. Each day has clear inputs, a process, & an output. One day's output becomes the next day's input.

All three tiers run on the same 4-day schedule. Mixed-age groups work side by side, each at their own level.
Sprouts (ages 3-7): explore, measure, mix & mold, demold & decorate. Adult handles stove & oven only.
Shoots (ages 8-12): gather & chop, make hemp paper, crosslink & cure, wash & cut. Adult handles oven only.
Stalks (ages 13-18): safety & gather, extract cellulose, dry & mix, press & demold. Students handle all chemistry. Adult supervises & handles oven.

### 4-Day Overview

Day | Theme | Sprouts (3-7) | Shoots (8-12) | Stalks (13-18)
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | Explore & Gather | Touch, smell, explore hemp fiber. Collect ingredients. | Examine fiber. Chop & measure crosslinking solution. | Safety briefing. Chop fiber & weigh chemicals.
2 | Prepare | Weigh & bag dry ingredients. Tear fiber. Pick molds. | Soak fiber. Spread & press into hemp paper. | Dissolve NaOH, soak 2 hours, wash to pH 7.
3 | Transform | Cook bioresin (adult), mix fiber, press into molds, oven dry. | Apply crosslinking solution. Press. Oven cure at 140C. | Oven dry cellulose. Weigh. Mix with glycerol.
4 | Finish | Demold. Decorate. Compare raw fiber to finished coaster. | Wash cured sheet. Cut shapes. Compare all samples. | Pack mold. Hot press. Demold. Compare all samples.

MATERIALS

### What You Need

Quantities listed per student. Multiply by group size. All ingredients stay food-safe or classroom-safe for their respective age group.

#### Sprouts (ages 3-7)

- 10g hemp bast fiber (chopped short, ~1 cm pieces)
- 25g corn starch
- 5g dried seaweed (agar powder or carrageenan)
- 200 mL water
- Small silicone mold or cookie cutter on parchment paper
- Mixing bowl & spoon
- Oven access (adult only)

#### Shoots (ages 8-12)

- 25g hemp bast fiber (chopped to 2-3 cm lengths)
- 15 mL lemon juice concentrate (citric acid source)
- 5g glycerol (available at pharmacies)
- 500 mL water
- Flat screen or mesh (window screen works)
- Two flat boards or heavy books for pressing
- Baking sheet & parchment paper
- Oven access (adult only at 140C)

#### Stalks (ages 13-18)

- 50g hemp bast fiber (chopped to 2-3 cm lengths)
- 50g NaOH pellets (sodium hydroxide / lye)
- 1 liter water
- 10 mL glycerol
- Stainless steel pot (NOT aluminum)
- pH strips
- Metal mold or soap mold
- Oven or heat press access
- Chemical splash goggles (not safety glasses)
- Nitrile gloves, elbow length
- 2% vinegar solution for spill neutralization

SPROUTS

### Ages 3-7: Hemp Fiber Coaster (4 days)

Based on Approach B (fiber + bioresin composite). Kids mix hemp fiber into a seaweed & corn starch bioresin, pour into molds, & take home a decorated coaster or ornament. Adult handles stove & oven only. Short daily sessions match young attention spans.

Sprouts use Approach B: fiber + bioresin composite. no chemicals beyond kitchen ingredients.

#### Day 1: Explore & Gather (~30 minutes)

Inputs: raw hemp fiber, corn starch, agar powder, pictures or diagram of hemp plant
Process:
1. Pass around raw hemp fiber. Touch it, pull strands apart, smell it. Compare thick bundles to thin single threads. (~10 min, kids active)
2. Talk about where hemp comes from: a plant stalk taller than most adults. Show plant anatomy diagram. Point to the stalk bark where fiber lives.
3. Touch & smell each ingredient: agar powder (from seaweed in the ocean), corn starch (from corn). Taste a tiny pinch of corn starch. (~5 min, kids active)
4. Collect all ingredients into a basket or tray. Label them together. (~5 min, kids active)
5. Preview: "Over 4 days, we turn this scratchy fiber into a smooth, hard coaster. Tomorrow we measure everything." (~5 min, everyone)
Output: ingredient basket gathered & labeled. Kids familiar with raw materials.
Hands-on: ~25 minutes. All sensory exploration. No measuring yet.

#### Day 2: Measure & Tear (~30 minutes)

Inputs: ingredient basket from Day 1, kitchen scale, bags or bowls, jar with lid, molds
Process:
1. Kids weigh 5g agar powder on kitchen scale & pour into a labeled bag or bowl. (~5 min, kids active, adult helps youngest read scale)
2. Kids weigh 25g corn starch & pour into same bag. (~5 min, kids active)
3. Kids measure 200 mL water into a jar with a lid. (~3 min, kids active)
4. Kids tear 10g hemp fiber into small pieces (~1 cm). Tearing by hand works fine & keeps little fingers busy. Bag it. (~10 min, kids active)
5. Set out molds. Kids pick which shape they want. (~5 min, kids active)
Output: labeled bag of dry mix (agar + starch), bag of torn fiber, jar of measured water, molds chosen. Everything staged for Day 3.
Hands-on: ~25 minutes. All kid labor.

#### Day 3: Mix & Mold (~1 hour)

Inputs: dry mix bag, fiber bag, & water jar from Day 2, saucepan, stove, oven, parchment paper, molds
Process:
1. Kids pour dry mix (agar + starch) from Day 2 bag into saucepan. Kids pour in measured water. Kids stir until no clumps remain. (~5 min, kids active)
2. Adult moves saucepan to stove. Heat on medium, stirring continuously. Kids observe from safe distance as mixture thickens into smooth, viscous liquid (like thick gravy). ~8 minutes. Adult removes from heat. Cool ~5 minutes until warm but safe to touch. (~13 min, adult handles stove, kids observe)
3. Kids add torn fiber from Day 2 bag into warm bioresin. Every kid gets a turn stirring until fiber spreads evenly. Mixture should feel like thick oatmeal. (~10 min, kids active)
4. Kids press mixture into molds on parchment paper. Pack firmly with fingers or back of a spoon. Fill to ~5mm for coasters, ~3mm for ornaments. For ornaments, kids poke a hole with a toothpick (for hanging string later). (~15 min, kids active)
5. Adult places molds in oven at 150C for 20 minutes. BREAK: snack, wash hands, clean workspace. (~20 min, oven runs unattended)
6. Adult removes molds. Set aside to cool completely. Do NOT demold today. Cooling overnight gives a harder result. (~2 min, adult handles oven)
Output: coasters/ornaments in molds, cooling overnight. Demolding happens on Day 4.
Hands-on: ~30 minutes kid labor out of 1 hour. Adult touches stove (~8 min) & oven (~5 min) only.
Attention span note: longest continuous stretch runs ~15 minutes (molding). For ages 3-5, split molding into two rounds with a wiggle break between.

#### Day 4: Demold & Decorate (~30 minutes)

Inputs: cooled molds from Day 3, raw fiber sample from Day 1, acrylic paint or markers (optional), string for ornaments (optional)
Process:
1. Kids demold coasters & ornaments. Gently flex silicone mold edges & push from bottom. (~5 min, kids active)
2. Compare: pass around a piece of raw fiber from Day 1 & the finished coaster side by side. Feel the difference. Discuss: scratchy & floppy turned into smooth & hard. What happened? The starch & seaweed glued the fibers together, & heat locked everything in place. (~5 min, everyone)
3. Optional: kids decorate with acrylic paint, markers, or stamps. Thread string through ornament holes. (~15 min, kids active)
4. Pack take-home bag: finished coaster or ornaments + a piece of raw hemp fiber to keep for comparison. (~5 min, kids active)
Output: 1 coaster (~8 cm diameter) or 2-3 small ornaments per student, decorated & ready to take home.
Hands-on: ~25 minutes. All kid labor. No adult needed.

What happens inside: Agar (from seaweed) forms a gel that traps starch & fiber together. Heat drives off water & sets the starch, locking everything into a rigid shape. Hemp fiber adds strength, like rebar in concrete.

SHOOTS

### Ages 8-12: Citric Acid Tiles (4 days)

Based on Approach C (citric acid crosslinking). Students soak hemp fiber in a citric acid solution, press flat, & cure in an oven. Citric acid comes from lemon juice concentrate, keeping everything food-safe. Result: rigid tiles, bookmarks, or plant labels.

Shoots use Approach C: citric acid crosslinking. strongest result, safest chemistry.

#### Day 1: Gather & Chop (~45 minutes)

Inputs: raw hemp fiber, lemon juice concentrate, glycerol, scissors, kitchen scale
Process:
1. Examine raw hemp fiber. Pull apart a strand. Notice how fibers separate into thin threads. Discuss where it comes from (stalk bark, not leaves or seeds). (~5 min, everyone)
2. Students chop 25g hemp fiber to 2-3 cm lengths with scissors. Bag it. (~15 min, students active)
3. Students measure 15 mL lemon juice concentrate into a small jar. Weigh 5g glycerol, add to same jar. Stir. Cap it. Label "crosslinking solution." (~10 min, students active)
4. Set aside a small sample of raw unchopped fiber for comparison on Day 4.
5. Review the 4-day plan: chop → paper → crosslink → finish. Each day's output feeds the next day. (~5 min, everyone)
Output: bag of chopped fiber + jar of crosslinking solution + raw fiber sample. Stored until Day 2.
Hands-on: ~35 minutes. All student labor. No adult needed (all ingredients food-safe).

#### Day 2: Make Hemp Paper (~45 minutes)

Inputs: chopped fiber from Day 1, 500 mL water, flat screen or mesh, two flat boards, bowl
Process:
1. Students pour chopped fiber into a bowl. Measure & add 500 mL water. Stir. Start a 30-minute soak. (~5 min, students active)
2. BREAK (25 min). Fiber soaks unattended. Snack, sketch the process so far, or discuss hemp plant anatomy.
3. Students spread soaked fiber evenly onto a flat screen or mesh. Spread thin & even, like making a pancake from fiber. (~10 min, students active)
4. Students press flat with a board. Drain for 5 minutes. Set aside a small piece of this untreated hemp paper as a comparison sample for Day 4. (~5 min, students active)
Output: rough sheet of hemp paper + untreated paper sample. Store paper flat between sheets of parchment until Day 3.
Hands-on: ~20 minutes. All student labor. No adult needed.

#### Day 3: Crosslink & Cure (~1 hour 30 minutes)

Inputs: hemp paper from Day 2, crosslinking solution from Day 1, parchment paper, baking sheet, boards/books, brick or cast iron pan, oven
Process:
1. Students pour crosslinking solution from Day 1 jar over hemp paper sheet. Let soak 15 minutes. Flip & soak another 15 minutes. Solution should saturate through entire sheet. (~5 min active + 25 min soak, students active then wait)
2. Optional BREAK during soak. Good time for science notebook entry: what do you predict will happen when we heat it?
3. Students place soaked sheet between two pieces of parchment paper. Press between two flat boards. Stack heavy books on top or clamp with binder clips. Press 20 minutes. (~5 min active + 15 min wait, students active then wait)
4. Adult transfers pressed sheet (still between parchment) onto baking sheet. Places brick or cast iron pan on top. Oven at 140C for 45 minutes. Heat activates citric acid crosslinking, bonding cellulose chains together. (~2 min, adult handles oven)
5. BREAK (45 min). Oven cures unattended. Outdoor free time, journaling, or related lesson on bioplastic vs. petroleum.
6. Adult removes from oven. Cool 10 minutes. Students place cured sheet in a bowl of water to soak overnight. This removes unreacted citric acid & glycerol. (~10 min, students active)
Output: cured crosslinked sheet soaking in water overnight. Washing completes before Day 4.
Hands-on: ~25 minutes student labor out of 1.5 hours. Adult touches oven only (~5 min).

#### Day 4: Wash, Cut & Compare (~45 minutes)

Inputs: soaked cured sheet from Day 3, raw fiber sample from Day 1, untreated paper sample from Day 2, scissors, towel
Process:
1. Students remove cured sheet from water. Pat dry with towel. Feel the difference: stiffer, smoother, more plastic than the untreated paper from Day 2. (~5 min, students active)
2. Students cut tiles, bookmarks, or plant labels from cured sheet using scissors. Adult supervises if using a craft knife. (~15 min, students active)
3. Compare all three samples side by side: raw fiber (Day 1), untreated hemp paper (Day 2), cured crosslinked tile (today). Pass them around. Bend each one. Feel the difference in stiffness. Drop water on each to compare absorption. (~10 min, everyone)
4. Discussion: what changed at each step? Why did lemon juice & heat turn floppy paper into rigid tile? Pack take-home bag. (~10 min, everyone)
Output: 2-3 tiles (~5x8 cm), or 3-4 bookmarks, or 4-5 plant labels per student.
Hands-on: ~30 minutes. All student labor. No adult needed (unless craft knife).

What happens inside: Citric acid (from lemon juice) forms chemical bridges between cellulose chains in hemp fiber when heated.[1] These crosslinks make the material rigid, water-resistant, & strong. Glycerol acts as a plasticizer, preventing the result from becoming too brittle. Same chemistry works at industrial scale to produce material reaching 70 MPa tensile strength.

STALKS

### Ages 13-18: Cellulose Extraction & Pressed Disc (4 days)

Based on Protocol 2 (gentle cellulose extraction). Students perform a real alkaline treatment at room temperature using 5% NaOH, extract cellulose, mix with plasticizer, & press a bioplastic disc. Proper safety training required before handling chemicals.

Stalks use Protocol 2: gentle 5% NaOH extraction at room temperature. no heating needed for extraction step.

#### Day 1: Safety Training & Gather (~1 hour)

Safety briefing (mandatory before touching any chemical). Every student must:
1. Wear chemical splash goggles (not safety glasses) for entire session on chemical days
2. Wear elbow-length nitrile gloves whenever handling NaOH solution
3. Know location of running water (within arm's reach)
4. Know location of 2% vinegar neutralization bottle
5. Understand: ALWAYS add NaOH pellets to water, NEVER water to NaOH
6. Understand: if NaOH contacts skin, flush with running water for 15+ minutes, then notify adult immediately
7. Work in a ventilated area (outdoors or near open windows)
Inputs: hemp fiber, NaOH pellets, glycerol, pH strips, safety gear, scissors or grinder, kitchen scale, stainless steel pot
Process:
1. Safety briefing: cover all 7 points above. Practice putting on goggles & gloves. Locate water source & vinegar bottle. Quiz each student before proceeding. (~20 min, everyone)
2. Students chop 50g hemp bast fiber into 2-3 cm lengths. If a blender or coffee grinder stands available, grind to a coarse powder. Bag it. Set aside a small sample of raw fiber for Day 4 comparison. (~20 min, students active)
3. Students weigh 50g NaOH pellets into a sealed, labeled container. Goggles & gloves on for this step. Discuss: NaOH absorbs moisture from air, so container stays sealed until Day 2. (~10 min, students active, adult supervises)
4. Students measure 10 mL glycerol into a labeled jar. Review the 4-day plan: gather → extract → dry & mix → press. Each day's output feeds the next. (~10 min, students active)
Output: bag of chopped fiber + sealed container of weighed NaOH + jar of glycerol + raw fiber sample + safety-trained students.
Hands-on: ~40 minutes student labor. All students handle materials (goggles & gloves for NaOH weighing). Adult supervises NaOH step.

#### Day 2: Extract Cellulose (~3 hours with long soak break)

Inputs: chopped fiber from Day 1, NaOH from Day 1, 1 liter water, stainless steel pot (NOT aluminum), pH strips, fine mesh strainer, goggles & gloves
Process:
1. Goggles & gloves on. Students pour 1 liter of water into stainless steel pot. Students slowly add NaOH pellets from Day 1 container while stirring. Add in small amounts (10g at a time). Solution will warm as NaOH dissolves. This gives 5% NaOH by weight.[2] (~10 min, students active, adult supervises)
2. Students add chopped fiber from Day 1 to NaOH solution. Stir to submerge all fiber. Start a 2-hour soak at room temperature. No heating needed. (~5 min, students active)
3. BREAK (2 hours). Fiber soaks. Students stir every 30 minutes (gloves on, ~2 min each time). Use for lunch, chemistry lesson on pH & cellulose structure, or independent study. Observe: solution turns brown as lignin dissolves out of fiber.
4. Students pour solution through fine mesh strainer (gloves on). Rinse fiber under running water. Rinse 4-6 times. Test wash water with pH strip after each rinse. Keep washing until pH reads 7 (neutral). This step matters: residual NaOH weakens the final product. Most satisfying hands-on stretch: students watch fiber change color rinse by rinse & track pH dropping toward neutral. (~30 min, students active, adult supervises)
5. Squeeze excess water from fiber. Spread washed fiber on a tray or plate. Store in fridge overnight. (~5 min, students active)
6. Clean chemical equipment. Students neutralize all NaOH waste with vinegar (pour slowly, stir, test pH). Verify pH 7 with strips before pouring down drain. (~15 min, students active, adult supervises)
Output: washed cellulose fiber (wet, stored in fridge). NaOH waste neutralized & disposed.
Hands-on: ~1 hour student labor out of 3 hours. Students handle all chemistry with goggles & gloves. Adult stays present during all NaOH steps but students perform every action.

#### Day 3: Dry & Mix (~1 hour 30 minutes)

Inputs: wet cellulose from Day 2, glycerol from Day 1, baking sheet, oven, kitchen scale
Process:
1. Students weigh wet cellulose on kitchen scale. Record weight. Spread fiber evenly on a baking sheet. (~5 min, students active)
2. Adult loads oven at 80C. Dry for 1 hour, or until fiber feels completely dry. (~2 min, adult handles oven)
3. BREAK (55 min). Fiber dries in oven. Good time for science notebook: draw the process so far, write observations about color change from Day 2, predict how much weight the fiber lost.
4. Adult removes baking sheet. Students weigh dried fiber. Compare to wet weight from step 1 & original 50g from Day 1. Expect roughly 50-60% of starting weight (lost lignin & hemicellulose). Discuss: where did the missing weight go? (~10 min, students active)
5. Students add 10 mL glycerol from Day 1 jar to dried cellulose. Add just enough water to form a thick paste. Stir thoroughly for 5 minutes. (~10 min, students active)
6. Store cellulose paste in a sealed container overnight. Glycerol continues to absorb into fiber. (~2 min, students active)
Output: cellulose paste (fiber + glycerol), sealed & ready for pressing on Day 4.
Hands-on: ~30 minutes student labor out of 1.5 hours. Adult handles oven only (~5 min).

#### Day 4: Press & Demold (~1 hour + slow cool)

Inputs: cellulose paste from Day 3, metal mold or soap mold, vegetable oil, baking sheet, oven, raw fiber sample from Day 1
Process:
1. Students coat mold interior with thin layer of vegetable oil. Pack cellulose paste into mold firmly, pressing out air pockets. Place mold on baking sheet. (~10 min, students active)
2. Adult loads oven at 150C. If a bench vise or C-clamps exist, students clamp mold for added pressure during heating. 30 minutes at temperature. (~2 min, adult handles oven)
3. BREAK (30 min). Oven runs. Write lab report: document each day's inputs, process, & outputs. Compare raw fiber sample from Day 1 with a small bit of leftover cellulose paste. Predict what the pressed result will look & feel like.
4. Adult turns oven off. Leave mold inside. Let cool slowly (1 hour minimum). Rapid cooling causes cracking. Session can end here; demold tomorrow or take mold home. (~2 min, adult handles oven)
5. Once fully cool, students demold. If material sticks, place in freezer for 10 minutes, then try again. (~5 min, students active)
6. Compare all samples side by side: raw fiber (Day 1), dried cellulose (Day 3), finished pressed disc (today). Discussion: what changed at each step? What role did NaOH play? What role did heat & pressure play? Pack take-home bag. (~10 min, everyone)
Output: 1 pressed bioplastic disc (~7 cm diameter, ~5mm thick) or 1 small container per student.
Hands-on: ~25 minutes student labor out of 1 hour (plus slow cool). Adult handles oven only (~5 min).

What happens inside: NaOH (lye) on Day 2 breaks hydrogen bonds in lignin & hemicellulose, dissolving them into solution while leaving cellulose chains intact.[3] Washing removes dissolved material. Glycerol molecules on Day 3 insert between cellulose chains, acting as a plasticizer that prevents brittleness. Heat & pressure on Day 4 force cellulose chains close together, forming new hydrogen bonds that lock shape.

SAFETY

### Safety Notes by Age Group

#### Sprouts (ages 3-7)

Adult handles: stove & oven on Day 3 only. Nothing else requires adult hands across all 4 days.
Kids handle: exploring (Day 1), all measuring & tearing (Day 2), stirring & molding (Day 3), demolding & decorating (Day 4).
Watch for: kids putting fiber or starch mixture in mouths. All ingredients stay food-safe but taste terrible.
Allergens: check for corn & seaweed allergies before Day 1.

#### Shoots (ages 8-12)

Adult handles: oven on Day 3 only. Craft knife supervision on Day 4 if needed.
Students handle: all chopping & measuring (Day 1), all soaking & paper-making (Day 2), all crosslinking & soaking (Day 3), all washing & cutting (Day 4). All solutions stay food-safe (lemon juice & glycerol).
Watch for: lemon juice in eyes on Day 3 (stings but not dangerous). Keep a damp cloth nearby.
Allergens: citrus sensitivity. Glycerol stays hypoallergenic.

#### Stalks (ages 13-18)

Adult supervises all steps involving NaOH (Days 1-2). Students perform every action; adult stays present & ready to intervene.
Students handle: all chopping & weighing (Day 1), all chemistry & washing (Day 2), all mixing (Day 3), all molding (Day 4). Goggles & gloves on during chemical steps (Days 1-2).
NaOH at 5% concentration: causes chemical burns on prolonged skin contact. Not immediately dangerous at brief contact but requires immediate washing. Much safer than 12-17.5% concentrations used in full extraction protocols.
Spill protocol: pour 2% vinegar over spill to neutralize, then wipe with paper towels. For skin contact: flush with running water for 15+ minutes.
Waste disposal (end of Day 2): neutralize all NaOH waste to pH 7 with vinegar before pouring down drain. Verify with pH strips.
TROUBLESHOOTING

### What Went Wrong?

Problem | Cause | Fix
--- | --- | ---
Coaster crumbles apart (Sprouts) | Not enough bioresin, or oven too hot | Add more starch/agar mixture next time. Keep oven at 150C, not higher.
Coaster stays soft & bendy (Sprouts) | Too much water, not dried long enough | Return to oven for 10 more minutes. Pack molds more firmly next time.
Tile feels like paper, not plastic (Shoots) | Citric acid solution too dilute, or curing time too short | Use full-strength lemon juice concentrate, not diluted. Cure for full 45 minutes at 140C.
Tile warps during curing (Shoots) | Uneven thickness or uneven pressure | Press more evenly before curing. Use a flat weight that covers the entire sheet.
Disc has bubbles or spongy texture (Stalks) | Material not dry enough before pressing | Dry longer on Day 3. Weigh before & after: weight should stop changing. Steam from trapped water creates voids.[4]
Disc cracks when cooling (Stalks) | Cooled too fast, or not enough glycerol | Let cool slowly inside oven on Day 4 (1 hour minimum). Increase glycerol to 15 mL on Day 3 next time.
Fiber still brown after washing (Stalks) | Lignin not fully dissolved | Soak longer in NaOH on Day 2 (up to 4 hours). Or accept the color: brown means some lignin remains, but the material still works.
pH won't reach 7 after washing (Stalks) | Need more rinse cycles | Keep washing on Day 2. Can take 6-8 rinses. Residual NaOH weakens the final product, so this step matters.

TAKE HOME

### Take Home Checklist

Sprouts take home (Day 4):
☐ 1 decorated hemp fiber coaster or 2-3 ornaments
☐ A piece of raw hemp fiber to compare with finished product
Shoots take home (Day 4):
☐ 2-3 citric acid tiles, bookmarks, or plant labels
☐ Raw hemp fiber sample (saved Day 1)
☐ Untreated hemp paper sample (saved Day 2)
Stalks take home (Day 4, plus slow cool):
☐ 1 pressed bioplastic disc or container
☐ Raw hemp fiber sample (saved Day 1)
☐ Dried cellulose sample (saved Day 3)
☐ pH strip showing final wash reached neutral (Day 2)

### Sources

1. Beluns et al. (2023), "Sustainable hemp-based bioplastics with tunable properties via reversible thermal crosslinking of cellulose," Int J Biol Macromol. Citric acid crosslinking at 140C achieves up to 70 MPa tensile strength. ↩
2. Dhakal et al. (2022), PMC 9182753. 5% NaOH treatment of hemp at room temperature for 1-4 hours. Gentlest effective protocol for cellulose extraction. ↩
3. Chalannavar et al. (2025), "Industrial Cannabis sativa: Hemp Cellulose Based Bioplastic Production," Magna Scientia. Comprehensive review of NaOH cellulose extraction protocols. ↩
4. Robert Murray-Smith, "Hot Press Molding Hemp Casein Plastic" (2020). On moisture & pressing: "if it's wet and you heat it and press it, you'll press off a lot of steam and it won't form properly." ↩

Full chemistry, equipment lists, & scaling details: hemp bioplastic process (recipe).

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