pig.py/database.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
SQLAlchemy async database for neopig metadata.

Stores:
- Crawl jobs (target, keywords, timestamps, stats)
- Media records (md5_hash, source URLs, metadata)
- Pages for full-text search
"""

import hashlib
import json
import logging
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import List, Dict, Any, Optional, Set

from sqlalchemy import (
    Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, Index, UniqueConstraint,
    create_engine, event, text, select, update, func, or_, and_
)
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, relationship, sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import insert as sqlite_insert

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

Base = declarative_base()


# =============================================================================
# Models
# =============================================================================

class CrawlJob(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'crawl_jobs'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    target_uri = Column(Text, nullable=False)
    keywords = Column(Text)  # JSON array
    mode = Column(String(50), default='images')
    status = Column(String(50), default='running')
    started_at = Column(Text, nullable=False)
    completed_at = Column(Text)
    stats = Column(Text)  # JSON object
    # Settings for resume
    depth = Column(Integer, default=15)
    max_pages = Column(Integer, default=-1)
    fast = Column(Integer, default=0)  # SQLite boolean
    screenshots = Column(Integer, default=1)  # SQLite boolean

    media_sources = relationship('MediaSource', back_populates='crawl_job')
    pages = relationship('Page', back_populates='crawl_job')


# Media scoring constants (higher = better quality)
SCORE_SCREENSHOT = 1      # Page screenshot capture
SCORE_OG_IMAGE = 3        # og:image / meta image
SCORE_THUMBNAIL = 5       # Thumbnail / preview image
SCORE_FULL_RES = 10       # Full resolution / canonical image

# Search limit - IT'S OVER 9000!
OVER_9000 = 9000


class Media(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'media'

    md5_hash = Column(String(32), primary_key=True)
    media_type = Column(String(20))  # 'image', 'video', 'audio'
    mime_type = Column(String(100))
    file_size = Column(Integer)
    keywords = Column(Text)  # JSON array
    alt_text = Column(Text)
    title = Column(Text)
    score = Column(Integer, default=SCORE_THUMBNAIL)  # Quality score
    first_seen_at = Column(Text, nullable=False)
    last_seen_at = Column(Text)  # Updated each time media is encountered
    upgraded_at = Column(Text)  # When score was upgraded (for live feed)
    analysis_status = Column(String(20), default='pending')
    analysis_result = Column(Text)  # JSON

    sources = relationship('MediaSource', back_populates='media')

    __table_args__ = (
        Index('idx_media_type', 'media_type'),
        Index('idx_media_analysis', 'analysis_status'),
        Index('idx_media_score', 'score'),
        Index('idx_media_upgraded', 'upgraded_at'),
        Index('idx_media_last_seen', 'last_seen_at'),
    )


class MediaSource(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'media_sources'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    md5_hash = Column(String(32), ForeignKey('media.md5_hash'), nullable=False)
    media_uri = Column(Text, nullable=False)
    page_uri = Column(Text)
    page_title = Column(Text)
    page_description = Column(Text)
    page_keywords = Column(Text)
    page_content = Column(Text)
    alt_text = Column(Text)
    link_text = Column(Text)
    detail_page_uri = Column(Text)
    detail_title = Column(Text)
    detail_content = Column(Text)
    searchable_text = Column(Text)
    crawl_job_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('crawl_jobs.id'))
    discovered_at = Column(Text, nullable=False)

    media = relationship('Media', back_populates='sources')
    crawl_job = relationship('CrawlJob', back_populates='media_sources')

    __table_args__ = (
        UniqueConstraint('md5_hash', 'media_uri', 'page_uri', name='uq_media_source'),
        Index('idx_sources_hash', 'md5_hash'),
        Index('idx_sources_job', 'crawl_job_id'),
        Index('idx_sources_media_uri', 'media_uri'),
        Index('idx_sources_page_uri', 'page_uri'),
    )


class Page(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'pages'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    uri = Column(Text, nullable=False, unique=True)
    uri_hash = Column(String(32), unique=True)  # MD5 of URI for clean URLs
    path = Column(Text)
    title = Column(Text)
    description = Column(Text)  # Meta description
    keywords = Column(Text)  # JSON array of keywords
    content = Column(Text)
    markdown = Column(Text)
    raw_html = Column(Text)
    crawl_job_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('crawl_jobs.id'))
    crawled_at = Column(Text, nullable=False)

    crawl_job = relationship('CrawlJob', back_populates='pages')

    __table_args__ = (
        Index('idx_pages_uri', 'uri'),
        Index('idx_pages_uri_hash', 'uri_hash'),
    )


class BackfillJob(Base):
    """Track ETL backfill jobs with real-time metrics."""
    __tablename__ = 'backfill_jobs'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    job_type = Column(String(50), nullable=False)  # 'markdown', 'screenshots', etc.
    domain_filter = Column(Text)  # Optional domain filter
    status = Column(String(20), default='running')  # running, completed, failed
    total_records = Column(Integer, default=0)
    processed_records = Column(Integer, default=0)
    error_count = Column(Integer, default=0)
    started_at = Column(Text, nullable=False)
    completed_at = Column(Text)

    __table_args__ = (
        Index('idx_backfill_status', 'status'),
        Index('idx_backfill_type', 'job_type'),
    )


# =============================================================================
# Database Class
# =============================================================================

class Database:
    """Async SQLAlchemy database for neopig metadata."""

    def __init__(self, db_path: str = "neopig.db"):
        self.db_path = db_path
        self._engine = None
        self._session_factory = None
        self._initialized = False

    async def init(self) -> None:
        """Initialize database schema."""
        if self._initialized:
            return

        # Create async engine with WAL mode for concurrent access
        self._engine = create_async_engine(
            f"sqlite+aiosqlite:///{self.db_path}",
            echo=False,
        )

        # Enable WAL mode for concurrent reads/writes
        @event.listens_for(self._engine.sync_engine, "connect")
        def set_sqlite_pragma(dbapi_conn, connection_record):
            cursor = dbapi_conn.cursor()
            cursor.execute("PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL")
            cursor.execute("PRAGMA busy_timeout=30000")  # 30 second timeout
            cursor.close()

        # Create session factory
        self._session_factory = async_sessionmaker(
            self._engine,
            class_=AsyncSession,
            expire_on_commit=False
        )

        # Create tables
        async with self._engine.begin() as conn:
            await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)

            # Add new columns to existing databases (ignore if already exist)
            for col in ['description', 'keywords']:
                try:
                    await conn.execute(text(f"ALTER TABLE pages ADD COLUMN {col} TEXT"))
                except Exception:
                    pass  # Column already exists

            # Add uri_hash column for clean URLs
            try:
                await conn.execute(text("ALTER TABLE pages ADD COLUMN uri_hash TEXT"))
                await conn.execute(text("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_pages_uri_hash ON pages(uri_hash)"))
            except Exception:
                pass  # Column already exists

            # Add score and upgraded_at columns to media table
            for col, col_type in [('score', 'INTEGER DEFAULT 5'), ('upgraded_at', 'TEXT')]:
                try:
                    await conn.execute(text(f"ALTER TABLE media ADD COLUMN {col} {col_type}"))
                except Exception:
                    pass  # Column already exists

            # Create indexes for score columns
            try:
                await conn.execute(text("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_media_score ON media(score)"))
                await conn.execute(text("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_media_upgraded ON media(upgraded_at)"))
            except Exception:
                pass

            # Add last_seen_at column to media table
            try:
                await conn.execute(text("ALTER TABLE media ADD COLUMN last_seen_at TEXT"))
                await conn.execute(text("CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_media_last_seen ON media(last_seen_at)"))
            except Exception:
                pass  # Column already exists

            # Create FTS5 virtual table (SQLAlchemy doesn't handle virtual tables)
            # Includes description and keywords for better search scoring
            # Check if FTS table needs rebuilding (old schema didn't have description/keywords)
            try:
                result = await conn.execute(text("SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE name='pages_fts'"))
                row = result.fetchone()
                if row and 'description' not in (row[0] or ''):
                    # Old schema - drop and recreate
                    await conn.execute(text("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS pages_fts"))
                    logger.info("Rebuilding FTS5 index with new schema")
            except Exception:
                pass

            await conn.execute(text("""
                CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS pages_fts USING fts5(
                    title, description, keywords, content, uri, path,
                    content='pages',
                    content_rowid='id'
                )
            """))

            # FTS triggers - drop and recreate to ensure they match current schema
            await conn.execute(text("DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS pages_ai"))
            await conn.execute(text("DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS pages_ad"))
            await conn.execute(text("DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS pages_au"))

            await conn.execute(text("""
                CREATE TRIGGER pages_ai AFTER INSERT ON pages BEGIN
                    INSERT INTO pages_fts(rowid, title, description, keywords, content, uri, path)
                    VALUES (new.id, new.title, new.description, new.keywords, new.content, new.uri, new.path);
                END
            """))

            await conn.execute(text("""
                CREATE TRIGGER pages_ad AFTER DELETE ON pages BEGIN
                    INSERT INTO pages_fts(pages_fts, rowid, title, description, keywords, content, uri, path)
                    VALUES ('delete', old.id, old.title, old.description, old.keywords, old.content, old.uri, old.path);
                END
            """))

            await conn.execute(text("""
                CREATE TRIGGER pages_au AFTER UPDATE ON pages BEGIN
                    INSERT INTO pages_fts(pages_fts, rowid, title, description, keywords, content, uri, path)
                    VALUES ('delete', old.id, old.title, old.description, old.keywords, old.content, old.uri, old.path);
                    INSERT INTO pages_fts(rowid, title, description, keywords, content, uri, path)
                    VALUES (new.id, new.title, new.description, new.keywords, new.content, new.uri, new.path);
                END
            """))

            # Rebuild FTS index from existing pages (idempotent - FTS5 handles dupes)
            await conn.execute(text("""
                INSERT OR IGNORE INTO pages_fts(rowid, title, description, keywords, content, uri, path)
                SELECT id, title, description, keywords, content, uri, path FROM pages
            """))

        self._initialized = True
        logger.info(f"Database initialized: {self.db_path}")

    def session(self) -> AsyncSession:
        """Get a new async session."""
        return self._session_factory()

    async def close(self):
        """Close database connections."""
        if self._engine:
            await self._engine.dispose()

    async def create_crawl_job(
        self,
        target_uri: str,
        keywords: List[str] = None,
        mode: str = "images",
        depth: int = 15,
        max_pages: int = -1,
        fast: bool = False,
        screenshots: bool = True
    ) -> int:
        """Create a new crawl job and return its ID."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            job = CrawlJob(
                target_uri=target_uri,
                keywords=json.dumps(keywords or []),
                mode=mode,
                started_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
                depth=depth,
                max_pages=max_pages,
                fast=1 if fast else 0,
                screenshots=1 if screenshots else 0
            )
            session.add(job)
            await session.commit()
            return job.id

    async def update_crawl_job_stats(self, job_id: int, stats: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        """Update stats for a running crawl job (for progress tracking)."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                update(CrawlJob)
                .where(CrawlJob.id == job_id)
                .values(stats=json.dumps(stats))
            )
            await session.execute(stmt)
            await session.commit()

    async def complete_crawl_job(self, job_id: int, stats: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        """Mark a crawl job as complete."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                update(CrawlJob)
                .where(CrawlJob.id == job_id)
                .values(
                    status='completed',
                    completed_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
                    stats=json.dumps(stats)
                )
            )
            await session.execute(stmt)
            await session.commit()

    async def pause_crawl_job(self, job_id: int, stats: Dict[str, Any] = None) -> None:
        """Mark a crawl job as paused (can be resumed)."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            values = {'status': 'paused'}
            if stats:
                values['stats'] = json.dumps(stats)
            stmt = update(CrawlJob).where(CrawlJob.id == job_id).values(**values)
            await session.execute(stmt)
            await session.commit()

    async def delete_crawl_job(self, job_id: int, purge_data: bool = False) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Delete a crawl job and optionally all associated data.

        Args:
            job_id: The job ID to delete
            purge_data: If True, also delete associated MediaSource, Pages, and orphan Media

        Returns:
            Dict with deletion info:
            - deleted: True if job was deleted
            - target_uri: The job's target URI (for state file deletion)
            - orphan_media: List of md5_hashes that are now orphaned (for file deletion)
            - page_uris: List of page URIs deleted (for screenshot deletion)
        """
        result = {
            'deleted': False,
            'target_uri': None,
            'orphan_media': [],
            'page_uris': [],
        }

        async with self.session() as session:
            # Get job info first
            job_result = await session.execute(
                select(CrawlJob).where(CrawlJob.id == job_id)
            )
            job = job_result.scalar_one_or_none()
            if not job:
                return result

            result['target_uri'] = job.target_uri

            if purge_data:
                # Step 1: Get all md5_hashes from MediaSource for this job
                hash_result = await session.execute(
                    select(MediaSource.md5_hash).where(MediaSource.crawl_job_id == job_id).distinct()
                )
                job_hashes = {row[0] for row in hash_result.fetchall()}

                # Step 2: Get all page URIs for this job
                page_result = await session.execute(
                    select(Page.uri).where(Page.crawl_job_id == job_id)
                )
                result['page_uris'] = [row[0] for row in page_result.fetchall()]

                # Step 3: Delete MediaSource records for this job
                await session.execute(
                    MediaSource.__table__.delete().where(MediaSource.crawl_job_id == job_id)
                )

                # Step 4: Delete Page records for this job
                await session.execute(
                    Page.__table__.delete().where(Page.crawl_job_id == job_id)
                )

                # Step 5: Find orphan media (no longer referenced by any MediaSource)
                for md5_hash in job_hashes:
                    ref_result = await session.execute(
                        select(func.count()).select_from(MediaSource).where(MediaSource.md5_hash == md5_hash)
                    )
                    ref_count = ref_result.scalar()
                    if ref_count == 0:
                        result['orphan_media'].append(md5_hash)
                        # Delete from Media table
                        await session.execute(
                            Media.__table__.delete().where(Media.md5_hash == md5_hash)
                        )

            # Step 6: Delete the job itself
            await session.delete(job)
            await session.commit()
            result['deleted'] = True

        return result

    async def create_media_record(
        self,
        md5_hash: str,
        media_uri: str,
        page_uri: str,
        crawl_job_id: int,
        media_type: str = "image",
        mime_type: str = "",
        file_size: int = 0,
        page_title: str = "",
        page_description: str = "",
        page_keywords: str = "",
        page_content: str = "",
        alt_text: str = "",
        link_text: str = "",
        detail_page_uri: str = "",
        detail_title: str = "",
        detail_content: str = "",
        searchable_text: str = "",
        score: int = SCORE_THUMBNAIL,
    ) -> None:
        """Create a new media record and add source context."""
        now = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()

        async with self.session() as session:
            # Insert or update media record - always update last_seen_at
            media_stmt = sqlite_insert(Media).values(
                md5_hash=md5_hash,
                media_type=media_type,
                mime_type=mime_type,
                file_size=file_size,
                score=score,
                first_seen_at=now,
                last_seen_at=now
            ).on_conflict_do_update(
                index_elements=['md5_hash'],
                set_={'last_seen_at': now}
            )
            await session.execute(media_stmt)

            # Insert or ignore source context
            source_stmt = sqlite_insert(MediaSource).values(
                md5_hash=md5_hash,
                media_uri=media_uri,
                page_uri=page_uri,
                page_title=page_title,
                page_description=page_description,
                page_keywords=page_keywords,
                page_content=page_content,
                alt_text=alt_text,
                link_text=link_text,
                detail_page_uri=detail_page_uri,
                detail_title=detail_title,
                detail_content=detail_content,
                searchable_text=searchable_text,
                crawl_job_id=crawl_job_id,
                discovered_at=now
            ).on_conflict_do_nothing()
            await session.execute(source_stmt)
            await session.commit()

    async def upgrade_media_score(
        self,
        md5_hash: str,
        new_score: int
    ) -> bool:
        """Upgrade a media's score if the new score is higher. Returns True if upgraded."""
        now = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
        async with self.session() as session:
            # Only update if new score is higher
            stmt = (
                update(Media)
                .where(Media.md5_hash == md5_hash)
                .where(Media.score < new_score)
                .values(score=new_score, upgraded_at=now)
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            await session.commit()
            return result.rowcount > 0

    async def add_media_source(
        self,
        md5_hash: str,
        media_uri: str,
        page_uri: str,
        page_title: str = "",
        page_description: str = "",
        page_keywords: str = "",
        page_content: str = "",
        alt_text: str = "",
        link_text: str = "",
        detail_page_uri: str = "",
        detail_title: str = "",
        detail_content: str = "",
        searchable_text: str = "",
        crawl_job_id: int = None
    ) -> None:
        """Add another source context for an existing media hash."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = sqlite_insert(MediaSource).values(
                md5_hash=md5_hash,
                media_uri=media_uri,
                page_uri=page_uri,
                page_title=page_title,
                page_description=page_description,
                page_keywords=page_keywords,
                page_content=page_content,
                alt_text=alt_text,
                link_text=link_text,
                detail_page_uri=detail_page_uri,
                detail_title=detail_title,
                detail_content=detail_content,
                searchable_text=searchable_text,
                crawl_job_id=crawl_job_id,
                discovered_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
            ).on_conflict_do_nothing()
            await session.execute(stmt)
            await session.commit()

    async def get_pending_analysis(self, limit: int = 100) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get media items pending analysis."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(Media.md5_hash, Media.media_type, Media.mime_type,
                       Media.keywords, Media.alt_text, Media.title)
                .where(Media.analysis_status == 'pending')
                .limit(limit)
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [dict(row._mapping) for row in result.fetchall()]

    async def update_analysis(
        self,
        md5_hash: str,
        status: str,
        result: Dict[str, Any] = None
    ) -> None:
        """Update analysis status and result for a media item."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                update(Media)
                .where(Media.md5_hash == md5_hash)
                .values(
                    analysis_status=status,
                    analysis_result=json.dumps(result) if result else None
                )
            )
            await session.execute(stmt)
            await session.commit()

    async def get_media_by_keyword(self, keyword: str, limit: int = 100) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Search media by keyword."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            like_pattern = f'%{keyword}%'
            stmt = (
                select(Media)
                .where(or_(
                    Media.keywords.like(like_pattern),
                    Media.alt_text.like(like_pattern),
                    Media.title.like(like_pattern)
                ))
                .limit(limit)
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [
                {**dict(row._mapping), 'source_urls': None}
                for row in result.fetchall()
            ]

    async def check_media_uri_exists(self, media_uri: str, page_uri: str) -> Optional[str]:
        """Check if a media URI from a specific page has already been crawled."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(MediaSource.md5_hash)
                .where(and_(
                    MediaSource.media_uri == media_uri,
                    MediaSource.page_uri == page_uri
                ))
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            row = result.fetchone()
            return row[0] if row else None

    async def get_crawled_media_uris(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
        """Get all media URIs that have been crawled, mapped to their md5_hash."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = select(MediaSource.media_uri, MediaSource.md5_hash).distinct()
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return {row[0]: row[1] for row in result.fetchall()}

    async def store_page(
        self,
        uri: str,
        title: str,
        content: str,
        path: str = "",
        markdown: str = "",
        raw_html: str = "",
        crawl_job_id: int = None
    ) -> None:
        """Store a page for full-text search."""
        uri_hash = hashlib.md5(uri.encode()).hexdigest()
        async with self.session() as session:
            # Use SQLite upsert (INSERT OR REPLACE)
            stmt = sqlite_insert(Page).values(
                uri=uri,
                uri_hash=uri_hash,
                path=path,
                title=title,
                content=content[:100000],
                markdown=markdown,
                raw_html=raw_html,
                crawl_job_id=crawl_job_id,
                crawled_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()
            )
            # On conflict with uri, update all fields
            stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
                index_elements=['uri'],
                set_={
                    'uri_hash': stmt.excluded.uri_hash,
                    'path': stmt.excluded.path,
                    'title': stmt.excluded.title,
                    'content': stmt.excluded.content,
                    'markdown': stmt.excluded.markdown,
                    'raw_html': stmt.excluded.raw_html,
                    'crawl_job_id': stmt.excluded.crawl_job_id,
                    'crawled_at': stmt.excluded.crawled_at,
                }
            )
            await session.execute(stmt)
            await session.commit()

    async def search_pages(self, query: str, limit: int = 50) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Search pages using FTS5 with LIKE fallback.

        Note: FTS5 virtual table requires raw SQL (allowed per CLAUDE.md).
        """
        async with self.session() as session:
            results = []

            # Try FTS5 (raw SQL required for virtual table)
            try:
                fts_query = ' '.join(f'"{word}"*' for word in query.split())
                result = await session.execute(
                    text("""
                        SELECT p.uri, p.uri_hash, p.path, p.title,
                               snippet(pages_fts, 1, '<mark>', '</mark>', '...', 40) as snippet
                        FROM pages_fts
                        JOIN pages p ON pages_fts.rowid = p.id
                        WHERE pages_fts MATCH :query
                        ORDER BY rank LIMIT :limit
                    """),
                    {'query': fts_query, 'limit': limit}
                )
                results = [dict(row._mapping) for row in result.fetchall()]
            except Exception:
                pass

            # Fallback to ORM LIKE
            if not results:
                like_q = f'%{query}%'
                stmt = (
                    select(Page.uri, Page.uri_hash, Page.path, Page.title,
                           func.substr(Page.content, 1, 200).label('snippet'))
                    .where(or_(
                        Page.title.ilike(like_q),
                        Page.content.ilike(like_q)
                    ))
                    .limit(limit)
                )
                result = await session.execute(stmt)
                results = [dict(row._mapping) for row in result.fetchall()]

            return results

    async def get_stats(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Get database statistics."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stats = {}

            result = await session.execute(select(func.count()).select_from(Media))
            stats['total_media'] = result.scalar()

            result = await session.execute(
                select(Media.media_type, func.count())
                .group_by(Media.media_type)
            )
            stats['by_type'] = {row[0]: row[1] for row in result.fetchall()}

            result = await session.execute(
                select(Media.analysis_status, func.count())
                .group_by(Media.analysis_status)
            )
            stats['by_analysis'] = {row[0]: row[1] for row in result.fetchall()}

            result = await session.execute(select(func.count()).select_from(MediaSource))
            stats['total_sources'] = result.scalar()

            result = await session.execute(select(func.count()).select_from(CrawlJob))
            stats['total_jobs'] = result.scalar()

            return stats

    # =============================================================================
    # Query methods for SERP
    # =============================================================================

    def _model_to_dict(self, obj) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Convert a SQLAlchemy model instance to dict."""
        return {c.name: getattr(obj, c.name) for c in obj.__table__.columns}

    async def get_media_by_hash(self, md5_hash: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get media record by MD5 hash."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = select(Media).where(Media.md5_hash == md5_hash)
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            row = result.scalar_one_or_none()
            return self._model_to_dict(row) if row else None

    async def get_media_sources(self, md5_hash: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get all sources for a media item."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(MediaSource.media_uri, MediaSource.page_uri, MediaSource.page_title,
                       MediaSource.page_description, MediaSource.page_content, MediaSource.alt_text,
                       MediaSource.link_text, MediaSource.detail_page_uri, MediaSource.detail_title,
                       MediaSource.detail_content, MediaSource.discovered_at)
                .where(MediaSource.md5_hash == md5_hash)
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [dict(row._mapping) for row in result.fetchall()]

    async def get_page_by_uri(self, uri: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get page by URI."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = select(Page).where(Page.uri == uri)
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            row = result.scalar_one_or_none()
            return self._model_to_dict(row) if row else None

    async def get_page_by_hash(self, uri_hash: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get page by URI hash (for clean URLs)."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = select(Page).where(Page.uri_hash == uri_hash)
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            row = result.scalar_one_or_none()
            return self._model_to_dict(row) if row else None

    async def lookup_pages_by_uris(self, uris: List[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
        """Batch lookup page uri_hashes by URIs. Returns {uri: uri_hash}."""
        if not uris:
            return {}
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = select(Page.uri, Page.uri_hash).where(Page.uri.in_(uris))
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return {row[0]: row[1] for row in result.fetchall() if row[1]}

    async def backfill_page_hashes(self) -> int:
        """Backfill uri_hash for pages that don't have one. Returns count updated."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = select(Page).where(Page.uri_hash == None)
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            pages = result.scalars().all()
            count = 0
            for page in pages:
                page.uri_hash = hashlib.md5(page.uri.encode()).hexdigest()
                count += 1
            await session.commit()
            return count

    async def get_crawl_jobs(self, limit: int = 50) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get recent crawl jobs."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(CrawlJob)
                .order_by(CrawlJob.started_at.desc())
                .limit(limit)
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [self._model_to_dict(row) for row in result.scalars()]

    async def get_crawl_job(self, job_id: int) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get a specific crawl job."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = select(CrawlJob).where(CrawlJob.id == job_id)
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            row = result.scalar_one_or_none()
            return self._model_to_dict(row) if row else None

    async def get_backfill_jobs(self, limit: int = 50) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get recent backfill jobs."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(BackfillJob)
                .order_by(BackfillJob.started_at.desc())
                .limit(limit)
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [self._model_to_dict(row) for row in result.scalars()]

    async def search_media_advanced(
        self,
        q: str = None,
        media_type: str = None,
        limit: int = OVER_9000,
        offset: int = 0
    ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Search media with filters.

        Searches across:
        - Media alt_text, title
        - MediaSource searchable_text (contains page context at crawl time)
        - MediaSource page_title
        - Page content/title ONLY for non-hub pages (excludes homepages/archives)

        Hub pages (/, /index, pages with many media) are excluded from
        page-content matching to avoid pulling ALL media from a homepage
        that happens to mention the search term.
        """
        async with self.session() as session:
            # Subquery to count media per page (detect hub pages)
            media_count_subq = (
                select(MediaSource.page_uri, func.count(MediaSource.md5_hash).label('media_count'))
                .group_by(MediaSource.page_uri)
                .subquery()
            )

            # First, find matching md5_hashes (deduplicated)
            hash_conditions = []
            if q:
                q_like = f'%{q}%'
                # Direct media matches (always included)
                direct_match = or_(
                    Media.alt_text.ilike(q_like),
                    Media.title.ilike(q_like),
                    MediaSource.searchable_text.ilike(q_like),
                    MediaSource.page_title.ilike(q_like),
                )
                # Page content match - only for non-hub pages
                # Hub = homepage (path / or empty) or page with >20 media items
                is_hub_page = or_(
                    Page.path == '/',
                    Page.path == '',
                    Page.path.is_(None),
                    Page.path.like('/index%'),
                    Page.path.like('/page/%'),
                    Page.path.like('/tag/%'),
                    Page.path.like('/category/%'),
                    Page.path.like('/archive%'),
                    media_count_subq.c.media_count > 20
                )
                page_content_match = and_(
                    or_(Page.title.ilike(q_like), Page.content.ilike(q_like)),
                    ~is_hub_page  # NOT a hub page
                )
                hash_conditions.append(or_(direct_match, page_content_match))

            if media_type:
                hash_conditions.append(Media.media_type == media_type)

            # Subquery to get unique matching hashes
            matching_hashes = (
                select(Media.md5_hash)
                .outerjoin(MediaSource, Media.md5_hash == MediaSource.md5_hash)
                .outerjoin(Page, MediaSource.page_uri == Page.uri)
                .outerjoin(media_count_subq, MediaSource.page_uri == media_count_subq.c.page_uri)
            )
            if hash_conditions:
                matching_hashes = matching_hashes.where(and_(*hash_conditions))
            matching_hashes = matching_hashes.distinct().subquery()

            # Main query - join Media with first source for display
            first_source = (
                select(
                    MediaSource.md5_hash,
                    func.min(MediaSource.page_uri).label('page_uri'),
                    func.min(MediaSource.page_title).label('page_title')
                )
                .group_by(MediaSource.md5_hash)
                .subquery()
            )

            stmt = (
                select(Media.md5_hash, Media.media_type, Media.mime_type, Media.file_size,
                       Media.alt_text, Media.title, Media.first_seen_at,
                       Media.score, Media.upgraded_at, Media.keywords,
                       first_source.c.page_uri, first_source.c.page_title)
                .join(matching_hashes, Media.md5_hash == matching_hashes.c.md5_hash)
                .outerjoin(first_source, Media.md5_hash == first_source.c.md5_hash)
                .order_by(
                    Media.score.desc().nulls_last(),
                    Media.first_seen_at.desc()
                )
                .limit(limit).offset(offset)
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [dict(row._mapping) for row in result.fetchall()]

    async def get_recently_upgraded(self, limit: int = 50) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get media that was recently upgraded (higher score version found)."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(Media.md5_hash, Media.media_type, Media.mime_type, Media.file_size,
                       Media.alt_text, Media.title, Media.first_seen_at,
                       Media.score, Media.upgraded_at,
                       MediaSource.page_uri, MediaSource.page_title)
                .outerjoin(MediaSource, Media.md5_hash == MediaSource.md5_hash)
                .where(Media.upgraded_at.isnot(None))
                .distinct()
                .order_by(Media.upgraded_at.desc())
                .limit(limit)
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [dict(row._mapping) for row in result.fetchall()]

    async def get_domains_with_pages(self) -> List[tuple]:
        """Get domains that have pages with raw_html.

        Note: Uses raw SQL for SQLite-specific substr/instr functions.
        """
        async with self.session() as session:
            # Raw SQL needed for SQLite string functions
            result = await session.execute(
                text("""SELECT DISTINCT
                        substr(uri, instr(uri, '://') + 3,
                               instr(substr(uri, instr(uri, '://') + 3), '/') - 1) as domain,
                        COUNT(*) as cnt
                        FROM pages WHERE raw_html IS NOT NULL
                        GROUP BY domain""")
            )
            return [(row[0], row[1]) for row in result.fetchall()]

    async def lookup_media_by_uris(self, uris: List[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
        """Look up media hashes by URIs. Returns {uri: md5_hash}."""
        if not uris:
            return {}
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(MediaSource.media_uri, MediaSource.md5_hash)
                .where(MediaSource.media_uri.in_(uris))
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return {row[0]: row[1] for row in result.fetchall()}

    async def lookup_media_by_filename(self, filename: str) -> Optional[tuple]:
        """Look up media by filename pattern. Returns (media_uri, md5_hash) or None."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(MediaSource.media_uri, MediaSource.md5_hash)
                .where(MediaSource.media_uri.like(f'%{filename}%'))
                .limit(1)
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            row = result.fetchone()
            return (row[0], row[1]) if row else None

    async def get_page_screenshot(self, page_uri: str, exclude_hash: str = None) -> Optional[str]:
        """Get screenshot hash for a page. Returns md5_hash or None."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(Media.md5_hash)
                .join(MediaSource, Media.md5_hash == MediaSource.md5_hash)
                .where(and_(
                    MediaSource.page_uri == page_uri,
                    Media.media_type == 'screenshot'  # Must be a screenshot, not just any PNG
                ))
                .order_by(Media.file_size.desc())
                .limit(1)
            )
            if exclude_hash:
                stmt = stmt.where(Media.md5_hash != exclude_hash)

            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            row = result.fetchone()
            return row[0] if row else None

    async def get_page_screenshots(self, page_uri: str) -> List[str]:
        """Get all screenshot hashes for a page (for chunked screenshots). Returns list of md5_hash ordered by file size desc."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(Media.md5_hash)
                .join(MediaSource, Media.md5_hash == MediaSource.md5_hash)
                .where(and_(
                    MediaSource.page_uri == page_uri,
                    Media.media_type == 'screenshot'
                ))
                .order_by(Media.file_size.desc())
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [row[0] for row in result.fetchall()]

    async def get_recent_media(self, limit: int = 50, media_type: str = None) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get recently discovered media."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(Media.md5_hash, Media.media_type, Media.mime_type, Media.file_size,
                       Media.alt_text, Media.title, Media.first_seen_at)
                .order_by(Media.first_seen_at.desc())
                .limit(limit)
            )
            if media_type:
                stmt = stmt.where(Media.media_type == media_type)

            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [dict(row._mapping) for row in result.fetchall()]

    async def get_pages_by_domain(self, domain: str = None) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get pages, optionally filtered by domain."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = select(Page.uri, Page.path, Page.title, Page.raw_html, Page.markdown)
            if domain:
                stmt = stmt.where(Page.uri.like(f'%{domain}%'))
            else:
                stmt = stmt.where(Page.raw_html.isnot(None))

            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [dict(row._mapping) for row in result.fetchall()]

    async def get_page_media(self, page_uri: str, limit: int = 9999) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """Get media items from a specific page (excluding screenshots)."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = (
                select(Media.md5_hash, Media.media_type, Media.alt_text, Media.file_size)
                .join(MediaSource, Media.md5_hash == MediaSource.md5_hash)
                .where(and_(
                    MediaSource.page_uri == page_uri,
                    Media.media_type != 'screenshot'
                ))
                .distinct()
                .limit(limit)
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [dict(row._mapping) for row in result.fetchall()]

    async def get_all_media_uri_mappings(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
        """Get all media URI to hash mappings."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = select(MediaSource.media_uri, MediaSource.md5_hash)
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return {row[0]: row[1] for row in result.fetchall()}

    async def get_crawled_screenshot_uris(self) -> Set[str]:
        """Get page URIs that have been screenshotted (for resume support)."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            # Screenshots are stored with media_uri = 'screenshot:{page_uri}'
            stmt = (
                select(MediaSource.page_uri)
                .join(Media, MediaSource.md5_hash == Media.md5_hash)
                .where(Media.media_type == 'screenshot')
                .distinct()
            )
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return {row[0] for row in result.fetchall()}

    async def get_crawled_page_uris(self) -> Set[str]:
        """Get all page URIs that have been crawled (for resume support)."""
        async with self.session() as session:
            stmt = select(Page.uri)
            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return {row[0] for row in result.fetchall()}

    async def get_pages_without_screenshots(self, domain: str = None) -> List[str]:
        """Get page URIs that don't have screenshots yet.

        Args:
            domain: Optional domain filter (e.g., 'example.com')

        Returns:
            List of page URIs needing screenshots
        """
        async with self.session() as session:
            # Subquery: pages that DO have screenshots
            screenshotted = (
                select(MediaSource.page_uri)
                .join(Media, MediaSource.md5_hash == Media.md5_hash)
                .where(Media.media_type == 'screenshot')
                .distinct()
                .scalar_subquery()
            )

            # Pages that exist but aren't in the screenshotted set
            stmt = select(Page.uri).where(Page.uri.notin_(screenshotted))

            if domain:
                pattern = f"%://{domain}%" if '://' not in domain else f"%{domain}%"
                stmt = stmt.where(Page.uri.like(pattern))

            result = await session.execute(stmt)
            return [row[0] for row in result.fetchall()]