opencompletion.com/research/activity37-programming-languages.yaml

default_max_attempts_per_step: 3

# Model configuration
# classifier_model: Fast classification into buckets (correct, partial, etc.)
#   MODEL_0 = Hermes (your stable default)
#
# feedback_model: Code generation and feedback
#   MODEL_1 = Qwen (specialized for code in your setup)
#
classifier_model: "MODEL_0"
feedback_model: "MODEL_1"

tokens_for_ai_rubric: |
  Evaluate the student's understanding of programming concepts in their chosen language.
  Consider:
  - Grasp of fundamental concepts (variables, types, control flow, functions)
  - Ability to write code that uses stdout to display output
  - Understanding of syntax in their chosen language
  - Problem-solving approach
  - Progression from simple to complex concepts

  Provide encouraging feedback adapted to their specific programming language.

sections:
  - section_id: "introduction"
    title: "Welcome to Programming"
    steps:
      - step_id: "welcome"
        title: "Choose Your Language"
        content_blocks:
          - "# Learn Programming: Your Language, Your Journey 💻"
          - "Welcome to programming! You'll learn fundamental concepts that apply to all programming languages."
          - ""
          - "**First, choose your programming language:**"
          - ""
          - "**Popular choices:**"
          - "- Python (beginner-friendly, powerful, widely used)"
          - "- JavaScript (web development, interactive websites)"
          - "- Java (enterprise applications, Android)"
          - "- C++ (systems programming, games, performance-critical)"
          - "- C# (game development with Unity, Windows apps)"
          - "- Ruby (web development, elegant syntax)"
          - "- Go (modern, fast, concurrent systems)"
          - "- Rust (memory-safe systems programming)"
          - "- Swift (iOS/Mac development)"
          - "- Kotlin (Android development, modern JVM)"
          - ""
          - "**Or any other language you're interested in:**"
          - "- PHP, Perl, R, Julia, Scala, Haskell, Elixir, Lua, TypeScript, Dart, Objective-C, Visual Basic, COBOL, Fortran, Assembly, etc."
          - ""
          - "**All programming languages share core concepts** - what you learn in one language helps you learn others!"
        question: "Which programming language would you like to learn? (Type the name of any programming language)"
        tokens_for_ai: |
          The student is choosing a programming language. Store their choice in metadata.

          Accept ANY programming language they name (Python, JavaScript, C++, COBOL, Brainfuck, whatever).
          Be enthusiastic about their choice regardless of language.

          For the REST of this activity:
          - ALL code examples must be in their chosen language
          - ALL explanations must be adapted to their language's syntax and conventions
          - ALL feedback must reference their specific language

          Categorize as:
          - language_chosen: Student named a programming language (any language)
          - set_language: Student setting human language preference (not programming language)
          - off_topic: Didn't choose a programming language
        buckets:
          - language_chosen
          - set_language
          - off_topic
        transitions:
          language_chosen:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: |
                Identify the programming language they chose. Be enthusiastic!
                Say something like: "Excellent choice! [Language] is great for [typical use cases]."
                Store the EXACT language name they provided in metadata.

                Remember: From now on, ALL code examples and explanations must be in their chosen language.
            metadata_add:
              programming_language: "the-users-response"
            counts_as_attempt: false
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_1"
          set_language:
            content_blocks:
              - "I'll communicate in your preferred human language. But please also choose a PROGRAMMING language to learn (like Python, JavaScript, C++, etc.)"
            counts_as_attempt: false
            next_section_and_step: "introduction:welcome"
          off_topic:
            content_blocks:
              - "Please choose a programming language you'd like to learn. You can pick any language - Python, JavaScript, C++, or any other language you're interested in!"
            counts_as_attempt: false
            next_section_and_step: "introduction:welcome"

  - section_id: "hello_world"
    title: "Hello World - Your First Program"
    steps:
      - step_id: "step_1"
        title: "Displaying Output"
        content_blocks:
          - "## Your First Program: Hello World! 👋"
          - "The traditional first program in any language is 'Hello World' - a program that displays text to the screen."
          - ""
          - "**In programming, we use stdout (standard output) to display messages.**"
          - ""
          - "Different languages have different ways to write to stdout, but they all do the same thing: show text to the user."
        question: "How do you display 'Hello, World!' to stdout in your chosen language? Write the complete code."
        tokens_for_ai: |
          IMPORTANT: Get the student's chosen language from metadata (programming_language).

          Evaluate their Hello World code in THAT specific language.

          Examples of correct Hello World in various languages:
          - Python: print("Hello, World!")
          - JavaScript: console.log("Hello, World!");
          - Java: System.out.println("Hello, World!");
          - C++: std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;
          - C: printf("Hello, World!\n");
          - Ruby: puts "Hello, World!"
          - Go: fmt.Println("Hello, World!")
          - Rust: println!("Hello, World!");
          - PHP: echo "Hello, World!";
          - Swift: print("Hello, World!")

          If they write correct code for their language, praise them!
          If incorrect, show them the correct syntax for their specific language.

          Categorize as:
          - correct: Valid Hello World code in their chosen language
          - close: Has the right idea but syntax errors
          - wrong_language: Used a different language than they chose
          - incomplete: Missing parts
          - limited_effort: Too brief or unclear
          - asking_clarifying_questions: Asking for help
          - off_topic: Not attempting the task
        feedback_tokens_for_ai: |
          Provide feedback specific to their language.
          If correct, show enthusiasm!
          If incorrect, show the correct syntax and explain it.

          Always show the correct code for their specific language.
        buckets:
          - correct
          - close
          - wrong_language
          - incomplete
          - limited_effort
          - asking_clarifying_questions
          - off_topic
        transitions:
          correct:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Perfect! That's exactly how you write Hello World in [their language]. Explain what each part does (the output function/statement, the string, any semicolons/syntax)."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+2"
              concepts_mastered: "n+1"
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_2"
          close:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You have the right idea! Show them the correct syntax for their language and explain what was slightly off."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+1"
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_2"
          wrong_language:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "That looks like code for a different language! You chose [their language]. Here's how you do it in [their language]: [show correct code]"
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_1"
          incomplete:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You're on the right track but missing some parts. Show the complete Hello World code for their language."
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_1"
          limited_effort:
            content_blocks:
              - "Try writing the actual code! How does your chosen language display text to the screen?"
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_1"
          asking_clarifying_questions:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Help them with their question, then show the Hello World code for their specific language."
            counts_as_attempt: false
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_1"
          off_topic:
            content_blocks:
              - "Let's write your first program! How do you display 'Hello, World!' in your chosen language?"
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_1"

      - step_id: "step_2"
        title: "Multiple Outputs"
        content_blocks:
          - "## Displaying Multiple Lines"
          - "Great! Now let's display multiple messages."
          - ""
          - "You can write to stdout multiple times in a row to display several lines of text."
        question: "Write a program that displays three lines to stdout: 'My first program', 'Learning to code', and 'This is fun!' (each on its own line)"
        tokens_for_ai: |
          The student should write code in THEIR chosen language (from metadata) that outputs three lines.

          Check that:
          - Code is in their chosen language
          - Outputs all three strings
          - Each on a separate line (using newlines or multiple output statements)

          Categorize as:
          - correct: Valid code outputting all three lines in their language
          - close: Right idea, minor syntax issues
          - missing_newlines: All on one line instead of three
          - incomplete: Missing one or more lines
          - wrong_language: Used different language
          - limited_effort: Too brief
          - asking_clarifying_questions: Asking for help
          - off_topic: Not attempting
        feedback_tokens_for_ai: |
          Provide feedback specific to their language.
          Show the correct code if needed.
          Explain how newlines work in their language (\\n in strings, or separate output statements, etc.).
        buckets:
          - correct
          - close
          - missing_newlines
          - incomplete
          - wrong_language
          - limited_effort
          - asking_clarifying_questions
          - off_topic
        transitions:
          correct:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Excellent! You've written multiple output statements in [their language]. Explain how they can use this to build more complex programs."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+2"
              concepts_mastered: "n+1"
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_1"
          close:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Almost there! Show the correct code and explain the minor issue."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+1"
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_1"
          missing_newlines:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Good try! But they should be on separate lines. Show how to create newlines in their language (either \\n in strings or multiple statements)."
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_2"
          incomplete:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You're missing one or more of the required lines. Show the complete code for their language."
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_2"
          wrong_language:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Remember, you're learning [their language]! Here's how to do it in [their language]: [show code]"
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_2"
          limited_effort:
            content_blocks:
              - "Write the actual code to display all three messages!"
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_2"
          asking_clarifying_questions:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Answer their question, then guide them on how to output multiple lines in their language."
            counts_as_attempt: false
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_2"
          off_topic:
            content_blocks:
              - "Write code to display three lines of text using your chosen language."
            next_section_and_step: "hello_world:step_2"

  - section_id: "variables"
    title: "Variables and Data Types"
    steps:
      - step_id: "step_1"
        title: "Creating Variables"
        content_blocks:
          - "## Variables: Storing Information 📦"
          - "Variables let you store and reuse data in your programs."
          - ""
          - "**Think of a variable as a labeled box:**"
          - "- The label is the variable name"
          - "- The contents is the value"
          - "- You can look inside the box (read the value)"
          - "- You can change what's inside (update the value)"
          - ""
          - "Different languages have different syntax for creating variables, but the concept is universal."
        question: "Write a program that creates a variable called 'name' with your name as the value, then displays it to stdout."
        tokens_for_ai: |
          Check that student writes code in THEIR language that:
          - Creates a variable (using their language's syntax)
          - Assigns a string value to it
          - Outputs the variable to stdout

          Examples:
          - Python: name = "Alice" \\n print(name)
          - JavaScript: let name = "Alice"; \\n console.log(name);
          - Java: String name = "Alice"; \\n System.out.println(name);
          - C++: std::string name = "Alice"; \\n std::cout << name << std::endl;

          Categorize as:
          - correct: Valid variable creation and output in their language
          - close: Right idea, minor syntax issues
          - missing_declaration: In typed languages, forgot type
          - wrong_output: Created variable but didn't output it
          - hardcoded_output: Outputted string directly instead of using variable
          - wrong_language: Used different language
          - limited_effort: Too brief
          - asking_clarifying_questions: Needs help
          - off_topic: Not attempting
        feedback_tokens_for_ai: |
          Provide feedback for their specific language.
          Show correct syntax for variable declaration (including type if their language requires it).
          Explain how to output a variable in their language.
        buckets:
          - correct
          - close
          - missing_declaration
          - wrong_output
          - hardcoded_output
          - wrong_language
          - limited_effort
          - asking_clarifying_questions
          - off_topic
        transitions:
          correct:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Perfect! You've created a variable and displayed it in [their language]. Explain how variables make code reusable and dynamic."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+2"
              concepts_mastered: "n+1"
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_2"
          close:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Almost! Show the correct syntax and explain the issue."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+1"
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_2"
          missing_declaration:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "In [their language], you need to declare the variable type. Show the correct syntax with type declaration."
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_1"
          wrong_output:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You created the variable but didn't display it! Show how to output the variable in their language."
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_1"
          hardcoded_output:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You need to store the value in a variable first, then display the VARIABLE, not the string directly. Show the correct approach."
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_1"
          wrong_language:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "That's not [their language] syntax! Here's how to create and display a variable in [their language]: [show code]"
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_1"
          limited_effort:
            content_blocks:
              - "Write the actual code! Create a variable and then display it."
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_1"
          asking_clarifying_questions:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Answer their question about variables in their specific language."
            counts_as_attempt: false
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_1"
          off_topic:
            content_blocks:
              - "Create a variable with your name and display it using your chosen language."
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_1"

      - step_id: "step_2"
        title: "Data Types"
        content_blocks:
          - "## Understanding Data Types"
          - "Variables can hold different types of data:"
          - ""
          - "**Common data types:**"
          - "- **Strings:** Text (\"hello\")"
          - "- **Integers:** Whole numbers (42)"
          - "- **Floats/Decimals:** Numbers with decimal points (3.14)"
          - "- **Booleans:** True or false values"
          - ""
          - "Some languages require you to specify the type (statically typed), others figure it out automatically (dynamically typed)."
        question: "Write a program with three variables: an integer (age), a decimal/float (height in meters), and a string (city). Display all three with labels, like 'Age: 25', 'Height: 1.75', 'City: Tokyo'"
        tokens_for_ai: |
          Check that student creates three variables of different types and outputs them with labels.

          For their specific language:
          - Integer variable
          - Float/decimal variable
          - String variable
          - Outputs each with descriptive label

          Categorize as:
          - correct: All three types declared and outputted correctly
          - close: Right idea, minor issues
          - missing_types: In typed language, didn't specify types
          - wrong_types: Used wrong type for data (string for number, etc.)
          - missing_labels: Outputted values but without labels
          - incomplete: Missing one or more variables
          - wrong_language: Used different language
          - limited_effort: Too brief
          - asking_clarifying_questions: Needs help
          - off_topic: Not attempting
        feedback_tokens_for_ai: |
          For their language, show:
          - How to declare each type
          - How to output strings and variables together (concatenation or formatting)
          - Any type-specific syntax

          If statically typed language (Java, C++, etc.): ensure they declared types
          If dynamically typed (Python, JavaScript, Ruby): explain that types are inferred
        buckets:
          - correct
          - close
          - missing_types
          - wrong_types
          - missing_labels
          - incomplete
          - wrong_language
          - limited_effort
          - asking_clarifying_questions
          - off_topic
        transitions:
          correct:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Excellent! You've worked with multiple data types in [their language]. Explain how different types are used for different purposes."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+3"
              concepts_mastered: "n+1"
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_1"
          close:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Good work! Show the corrected version and explain string concatenation or formatting in their language."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+2"
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_1"
          missing_types:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "In [their language], you need to specify variable types. Show the correct syntax with type declarations."
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_2"
          wrong_types:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Check your data types! Numbers shouldn't be in quotes (they'd be strings). Show the correct way to declare each type."
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_2"
          missing_labels:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Add labels like 'Age: 25' so it's clear what each value represents. Show how to combine strings and variables in their language."
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_2"
          incomplete:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You need all three variables (integer, float, string). Show the complete code."
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_2"
          wrong_language:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "That's not [their language]! Here's how to declare different types in [their language]: [show code]"
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_2"
          limited_effort:
            content_blocks:
              - "Write complete code with all three variable types and display them with labels!"
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_2"
          asking_clarifying_questions:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Answer their question about data types or string formatting in their language."
            counts_as_attempt: false
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_2"
          off_topic:
            content_blocks:
              - "Create three variables of different types (integer, float, string) and display them."
            next_section_and_step: "variables:step_2"

  - section_id: "control_flow"
    title: "Control Flow: Making Decisions"
    steps:
      - step_id: "step_1"
        title: "If Statements"
        content_blocks:
          - "## Conditional Logic 🔀"
          - "Programs need to make decisions based on conditions."
          - ""
          - "**If statements** let your code take different paths:"
          - "- IF condition is true, do this"
          - "- ELSE, do that"
          - ""
          - "This is how programs respond to different situations!"
        question: "Write a program that: creates a variable for age, then uses an if/else statement to display 'Adult' if age is 18 or older, or 'Minor' if younger. Test with age = 20."
        tokens_for_ai: |
          Check their if/else code in their chosen language.

          Should have:
          - Age variable (set to 20 or any value)
          - If statement checking if age >= 18
          - Displays "Adult" if true
          - Else displays "Minor"
          - Uses stdout for output

          Categorize as:
          - correct: Valid if/else in their language
          - close: Right logic, minor syntax issues
          - wrong_comparison: Used wrong operator (==, <, etc.)
          - missing_else: Has if but no else
          - logic_error: Backwards logic (minor when >= 18)
          - wrong_language: Used different language
          - limited_effort: Too brief
          - asking_clarifying_questions: Needs help
          - off_topic: Not attempting
        feedback_tokens_for_ai: |
          Show if/else syntax for their specific language.
          Explain:
          - Comparison operators in their language
          - How to structure if/else blocks
          - Any language-specific syntax (colons, braces, etc.)
        buckets:
          - correct
          - close
          - wrong_comparison
          - missing_else
          - logic_error
          - wrong_language
          - limited_effort
          - asking_clarifying_questions
          - off_topic
        transitions:
          correct:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Perfect if/else statement in [their language]! Explain how conditional logic lets programs make decisions."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+3"
              concepts_mastered: "n+1"
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_2"
          close:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Good logic! Fix the minor syntax issue and show the correct version."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+2"
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_2"
          wrong_comparison:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Check your comparison operator! You need 'greater than or equal to 18'. Show the correct operator for their language (>=)."
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_1"
          missing_else:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You need an else clause for when age < 18. Show the complete if/else structure in their language."
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_1"
          logic_error:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Your logic is backwards! Age >= 18 should be 'Adult', not 'Minor'. Show the corrected version."
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_1"
          wrong_language:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "That's not [their language] syntax! Here's how if/else works in [their language]: [show code]"
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_1"
          limited_effort:
            content_blocks:
              - "Write the complete if/else code to check age and display the appropriate message!"
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_1"
          asking_clarifying_questions:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Answer their question about if/else statements in their language."
            counts_as_attempt: false
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_1"
          off_topic:
            content_blocks:
              - "Write an if/else statement to check if age is 18 or older."
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_1"

      - step_id: "step_2"
        title: "Loops"
        content_blocks:
          - "## Loops: Repeating Actions 🔁"
          - "Loops let you repeat code multiple times without writing it over and over."
          - ""
          - "**Common loop types:**"
          - "- **For loop:** Repeat a specific number of times"
          - "- **While loop:** Repeat as long as a condition is true"
          - ""
          - "Loops are essential for processing lists, counting, and repetitive tasks."
        question: "Write a program using a for loop that displays the numbers 1 through 5 to stdout, each on its own line."
        tokens_for_ai: |
          Check their for loop code in their chosen language.

          Should:
          - Use a for loop (or equivalent iteration construct)
          - Display numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
          - Each number on separate line
          - Use stdout

          Note: Loop syntax varies WIDELY between languages!
          - Python: for i in range(1, 6): print(i)
          - JavaScript: for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) console.log(i);
          - Java: for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) System.out.println(i);
          - C++: for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) std::cout << i << std::endl;

          Categorize as:
          - correct: Valid for loop in their language
          - close: Right idea, minor syntax issues
          - off_by_one: Shows 0-4 or 1-6 instead of 1-5
          - wrong_loop_type: Used while instead of for (acceptable if works)
          - missing_output: Loop exists but doesn't display
          - wrong_language: Used different language
          - limited_effort: Too brief
          - asking_clarifying_questions: Needs help
          - off_topic: Not attempting
        feedback_tokens_for_ai: |
          Show for loop syntax for their specific language.
          Explain:
          - How to initialize loop variable
          - How to set the condition
          - How to increment
          - Language-specific syntax (parentheses, colons, braces, etc.)

          If they used a while loop that works, that's acceptable - mention that for loops
          are more common for counting.
        buckets:
          - correct
          - close
          - off_by_one
          - wrong_loop_type
          - missing_output
          - wrong_language
          - limited_effort
          - asking_clarifying_questions
          - off_topic
        transitions:
          correct:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Excellent for loop in [their language]! Explain how loops save you from writing repetitive code."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+3"
              concepts_mastered: "n+1"
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_1"
          close:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Good approach! Fix the syntax issue and show the correct version."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+2"
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_1"
          off_by_one:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Close! But you're displaying the wrong numbers. Should be 1-5. Show the corrected loop for their language."
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_2"
          wrong_loop_type:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Your while loop works! But try using a for loop - it's more common for counting. Show the for loop version."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+2"
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_1"
          missing_output:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You have a loop but it's not displaying anything! Add output inside the loop body."
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_2"
          wrong_language:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "That's not [their language]! Here's the for loop syntax in [their language]: [show code]"
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_2"
          limited_effort:
            content_blocks:
              - "Write a complete for loop that displays 1, 2, 3, 4, 5!"
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_2"
          asking_clarifying_questions:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Answer their question about for loops in their specific language."
            counts_as_attempt: false
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_2"
          off_topic:
            content_blocks:
              - "Write a for loop that displays numbers 1 through 5."
            next_section_and_step: "control_flow:step_2"

  - section_id: "functions"
    title: "Functions: Reusable Code"
    steps:
      - step_id: "step_1"
        title: "Creating Functions"
        content_blocks:
          - "## Functions: Organize Your Code 📦"
          - "Functions let you group code into reusable blocks that you can call by name."
          - ""
          - "**Benefits of functions:**"
          - "- Reusability (write once, use many times)"
          - "- Organization (break complex programs into manageable pieces)"
          - "- Abstraction (hide implementation details)"
          - ""
          - "**Functions can:**"
          - "- Take inputs (parameters/arguments)"
          - "- Perform actions"
          - "- Return outputs (return values)"
        question: "Write a function called 'greet' that takes a name as a parameter and displays 'Hello, [name]!' to stdout. Then call the function with your own name."
        tokens_for_ai: |
          Check their function code in their chosen language.

          Should have:
          - Function definition/declaration named 'greet'
          - Takes one parameter (name)
          - Outputs "Hello, [name]!" to stdout
          - Function is called with a name

          Function syntax varies greatly:
          - Python: def greet(name): \\n    print(f"Hello, {name}!")
          - JavaScript: function greet(name) { console.log(\`Hello, ${name}!\`); }
          - Java: void greet(String name) { System.out.println("Hello, " + name + "!"); }

          Categorize as:
          - correct: Valid function definition and call
          - close: Right idea, minor syntax issues
          - missing_call: Defined function but didn't call it
          - missing_parameter: Function doesn't take parameter
          - hardcoded_name: Doesn't use parameter, outputs fixed name
          - wrong_language: Used different language
          - limited_effort: Too brief
          - asking_clarifying_questions: Needs help
          - off_topic: Not attempting
        feedback_tokens_for_ai: |
          For their language, explain:
          - How to define a function
          - How to specify parameters
          - How to use parameters inside function
          - How to call the function
          - Any language-specific syntax (def, function keyword, return types, etc.)
        buckets:
          - correct
          - close
          - missing_call
          - missing_parameter
          - hardcoded_name
          - wrong_language
          - limited_effort
          - asking_clarifying_questions
          - off_topic
        transitions:
          correct:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Perfect function in [their language]! You've defined it, used a parameter, and called it. Explain how functions make code reusable."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+3"
              concepts_mastered: "n+1"
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_2"
          close:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Good function structure! Fix the syntax issue and show the corrected version."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+2"
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_2"
          missing_call:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You defined the function but didn't call it! Show how to call the function with a name."
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_1"
          missing_parameter:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Your function needs to accept a name parameter! Show how to add parameters in their language."
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_1"
          hardcoded_name:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You need to USE the parameter inside the function, not hardcode a name. Show how to use the parameter."
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_1"
          wrong_language:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "That's not [their language]! Here's how to define and call functions in [their language]: [show code]"
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_1"
          limited_effort:
            content_blocks:
              - "Write a complete function that takes a name parameter and displays a greeting!"
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_1"
          asking_clarifying_questions:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Answer their question about functions in their specific language."
            counts_as_attempt: false
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_1"
          off_topic:
            content_blocks:
              - "Create a function that takes a name and displays a greeting."
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_1"

      - step_id: "step_2"
        title: "Return Values"
        content_blocks:
          - "## Functions That Return Values"
          - "So far, our function just displays output. Functions can also RETURN values that can be used elsewhere."
          - ""
          - "**Return values let you:**"
          - "- Calculate something and send the result back"
          - "- Use the result in other calculations"
          - "- Store the result in a variable"
        question: "Write a function called 'add' that takes two numbers as parameters, returns their sum, and then call it with 5 and 3 and display the result to stdout."
        tokens_for_ai: |
          Check their function with return value.

          Should have:
          - Function named 'add'
          - Takes two parameters (numbers)
          - Returns the sum
          - Function is called with 5 and 3
          - Result is displayed to stdout

          Categorize as:
          - correct: Valid function with return, called correctly, result displayed
          - close: Right idea, minor issues
          - displays_instead_of_return: Function outputs instead of returning
          - missing_display: Returns but doesn't display result
          - missing_call: Defined but didn't call
          - wrong_language: Used different language
          - limited_effort: Too brief
          - asking_clarifying_questions: Needs help
          - off_topic: Not attempting
        feedback_tokens_for_ai: |
          For their language, explain:
          - How to return a value (return keyword or equivalent)
          - Difference between returning and displaying
          - How to capture and use returned value
          - How to display the result

          Some languages (like early BASIC) don't have explicit return statements - be flexible!
        buckets:
          - correct
          - close
          - displays_instead_of_return
          - missing_display
          - missing_call
          - wrong_language
          - limited_effort
          - asking_clarifying_questions
          - off_topic
        transitions:
          correct:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Excellent! You've mastered functions with return values in [their language]. Explain the difference between returning and displaying."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+3"
              concepts_mastered: "n+1"
            next_section_and_step: "conclusion:step_1"
          close:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Good work! Fix the minor issue and show the correct version."
            metadata_add:
              score: "n+2"
            next_section_and_step: "conclusion:step_1"
          displays_instead_of_return:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Your function displays the sum instead of returning it. Show how to use return to send the value back."
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_2"
          missing_display:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You're returning the value but not displaying it! Show how to capture the returned value and display it."
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_2"
          missing_call:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "You defined the function but didn't call it with 5 and 3! Show how to call it and display the result."
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_2"
          wrong_language:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "That's not [their language]! Here's how return values work in [their language]: [show code]"
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_2"
          limited_effort:
            content_blocks:
              - "Write a complete function that returns a sum, call it, and display the result!"
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_2"
          asking_clarifying_questions:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Answer their question about return values in their language."
            counts_as_attempt: false
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_2"
          off_topic:
            content_blocks:
              - "Create a function that returns the sum of two numbers."
            next_section_and_step: "functions:step_2"

  - section_id: "conclusion"
    title: "Congratulations, Programmer!"
    steps:
      - step_id: "step_1"
        title: "Your Programming Journey"
        content_blocks:
          - "## Congratulations! You've Learned to Program! 🎉"
          - "You've mastered fundamental programming concepts that work in ANY language."
          - ""
          - "**Core concepts you've learned:**"
          - "✓ **Output (stdout)** - Displaying information to users"
          - "✓ **Variables** - Storing and managing data"
          - "✓ **Data Types** - Different kinds of information (strings, numbers, booleans)"
          - "✓ **Conditional Logic** - Making decisions with if/else"
          - "✓ **Loops** - Repeating actions efficiently"
          - "✓ **Functions** - Organizing code into reusable blocks"
          - "✓ **Return Values** - Functions that calculate and return results"
          - ""
          - "**These concepts are universal!**"
          - "Whether you continue with your chosen language or learn another one, these fundamentals remain the same."
          - ""
          - "**Next steps in your programming journey:**"
          - "- Practice by building small projects"
          - "- Learn about arrays/lists and dictionaries/maps"
          - "- Explore object-oriented programming (classes and objects)"
          - "- Study algorithms and data structures"
          - "- Build something that interests you!"
          - ""
          - "**Remember:** The best way to learn programming is by writing code and solving problems."
        question: "What would you like to build with your new programming skills? What kind of program interests you?"
        tokens_for_ai: |
          This is a reflection question.

          Based on their answer, provide encouragement and suggestions for their specific language.
          Suggest projects appropriate for beginners in their chosen language.

          Categorize as:
          - specific_project: Has a specific project idea
          - general_interest: General area of interest (games, websites, data, etc.)
          - exploring: Still exploring what to build
          - limited_effort: Very brief
          - off_topic: Unrelated
        feedback_tokens_for_ai: |
          Provide enthusiastic, personalized feedback!

          Reference their specific programming language.
          Suggest beginner-friendly projects for their language and interests.
          Encourage them to start small and build up.
          Remind them that the programming community is welcoming and helpful.

          Celebrate their completion of the fundamentals!
        buckets:
          - specific_project
          - general_interest
          - exploring
          - limited_effort
          - off_topic
        transitions:
          specific_project:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Great project idea! For [their language], suggest how they might approach that project. Recommend beginner-friendly libraries or frameworks if applicable. Encourage them to start with a simple version."
            metadata_add:
              activity_completed: "true"
            next_section_and_step: "conclusion:step_1"
          general_interest:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Great area of interest! For [interest area] in [their language], suggest 2-3 beginner projects they could start with. Provide encouragement and resources."
            metadata_add:
              activity_completed: "true"
            next_section_and_step: "conclusion:step_1"
          exploring:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Exploration is great! For [their language], suggest 3-4 different types of beginner projects they could try (web, automation, data analysis, games, etc.) to discover what they enjoy."
            metadata_add:
              activity_completed: "true"
            next_section_and_step: "conclusion:step_1"
          limited_effort:
            ai_feedback:
              tokens_for_ai: "Congratulate them on completing programming fundamentals in [their language]! Encourage them to build something, even if it's small."
            metadata_add:
              activity_completed: "true"
            next_section_and_step: "conclusion:step_1"
          off_topic:
            content_blocks:
              - "Think about what interests you! What kind of program would you like to create with your new skills?"
            next_section_and_step: "conclusion:step_1"