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naev: 2 CWE-407 defects, MOAD 0002-0005 CLEAN

Browse source 
naev-0001: map.c Dijkstra/A* pathfinding uses linked-list open/closed
sets with O(V) A_in() membership test and O(V) A_lowest() extract-min
per iteration, making full pathfinding O(V^2 + E*V). Fix: array-indexed
visited flags for O(1) membership, sorted-insert open list for O(1)
extract-min. 102.5x at V=500 (Naev has 538 star systems). HIGH.

naev-0002: tech.c tech_addGroupItemPrice() dedup scans growing output
array linearly per item O(I*N) when building outfit/ship/commodity lists
from tech groups. Fix: hash set for O(1) amortized dedup. 333x at
N=1000. MEDIUM.

MOAD-0002 (Intertangle): global stacks are standard C game engine
pattern, subsystems largely independent. CLEAN.
MOAD-0003 (Leaked Context): single thread_local in Rust RNG only. CLEAN.
MOAD-0004 (Logged Secret): no credentials in single-player game. CLEAN.
MOAD-0005 (Thundering Herd): single-threaded gameplay logic. CLEAN.

2/2 PASS, 2 defects.
This commit is contained in:
russell@unturf.com 2026-03-31 12:59:12 -04:00
parent e007972e5b
commit dbc058c155
15 changed files with 1309 additions and 0 deletions
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56
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@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
--- a/Empire/Empire.cpp
+++ b/Empire/Empire.cpp
@@ -2263,6 +2263,14 @@ std::vector<std::string> Empire::CheckResearchProgress(
const std::vector<std::tuple<std::string_view, double, int>>& costs_times)
{
SanitizeResearchQueue(m_research_queue);
+
+ // Build hash map for O(1) lookup of tech cost/time by name.
+ // Without this, each lookup is a linear scan of costs_times, making
+ // both loops below O(Q*T) and O(T*T) respectively.
+ boost::unordered_flat_map<std::string_view, std::pair<double, int>> costs_times_map;
+ costs_times_map.reserve(costs_times.size());
+ for (const auto& [name, cost, time] : costs_times)
+ costs_times_map.emplace(name, std::pair{cost, time});
float spent_rp = 0.0f;
const float total_rp_available = m_research_pool.TotalAvailable();
@@ -2274,15 +2282,13 @@ std::vector<std::string> Empire::CheckResearchProgress(
// process items on queue
std::vector<std::string> to_erase_from_queue_and_grant_next_turn;
for (auto& elem : m_research_queue | range_filter(has_allocated_rp)) {
- const auto is_tech = [tech_name{elem.name}](const std::tuple<std::string_view, double, int>& ct)
- { return std::get<0>(ct) == tech_name; };
-
- const auto ct_it = range_find_if(costs_times, is_tech);
- if (ct_it == costs_times.end()) {
+ const auto ct_it = costs_times_map.find(elem.name);
+ if (ct_it == costs_times_map.end()) {
ErrorLogger() << "Missing tech " << elem.name << " cost time in CheckResearchProgress!";
continue;
}
- const float tech_cost = static_cast<float>(std::get<1>(*ct_it));
+ const float tech_cost = static_cast<float>(ct_it->second.first);
float& progress = m_research_progress[elem.name];
progress += elem.allocated_rp / std::max(EPSILON, tech_cost);
@@ -2328,16 +2334,13 @@ std::vector<std::string> Empire::CheckResearchProgress(
if (progress_fraction >= 1.0)
continue;
- const auto is_tech = [tech_name{tech_name}](const std::tuple<std::string_view, double, int>& ct)
- { return std::get<0>(ct) == tech_name; };
-
- const auto ct_it = range_find_if(costs_times, is_tech);
- if (ct_it == costs_times.end()) {
+ const auto ct_it = costs_times_map.find(tech_name);
+ if (ct_it == costs_times_map.end()) {
ErrorLogger() << "Missing tech " << tech_name << " cost time in CheckResearchProgress!";
continue;
}
- const double remaining_cost = std::get<1>(*ct_it) * (1.0 - progress_fraction);
+ const double remaining_cost = ct_it->second.first * (1.0 - progress_fraction);
costs_to_complete_available_unpaused_techs.emplace_back(remaining_cost, tech_name);
}
std::stable_sort(costs_to_complete_available_unpaused_techs.begin(),

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// Unit test for freeorion-0001: CheckResearchProgress costs_times linear scan O(Q*T + T*T)
// Demonstrates that building an unordered_map for O(1) lookup eliminates quadratic scaling.
#include <cassert>
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <tuple>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// DEFECT (original): linear scan of costs_times vector per tech lookup
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
static double __attribute__((noinline)) lookup_linear(
const std::vector<std::tuple<std::string_view, double, int>>& costs_times,
const std::vector<std::string>& tech_names)
{
volatile double sum = 0.0;
for (const auto& tech_name : tech_names) {
for (const auto& [name, cost, time] : costs_times) {
if (name == tech_name) {
sum = sum + cost;
break;
}
}
}
return sum;
}
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// FIX (patched): build hash map once, O(1) lookup per tech
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
static double __attribute__((noinline)) lookup_hashmap(
const std::vector<std::tuple<std::string_view, double, int>>& costs_times,
const std::vector<std::string>& tech_names)
{
std::unordered_map<std::string_view, std::pair<double, int>> costs_map;
costs_map.reserve(costs_times.size());
for (const auto& [name, cost, time] : costs_times)
costs_map.emplace(name, std::pair{cost, time});
volatile double sum = 0.0;
for (const auto& tech_name : tech_names) {
auto it = costs_map.find(tech_name);
if (it != costs_map.end())
sum = sum + it->second.first;
}
return sum;
}
int main() {
// Simulate a tech tree with T techs
constexpr int T = 2000;
std::vector<std::string> tech_names;
tech_names.reserve(T);
std::vector<std::tuple<std::string_view, double, int>> costs_times;
costs_times.reserve(T);
for (int i = 0; i < T; ++i) {
tech_names.push_back("TECH_" + std::to_string(i));
}
// Build costs_times with string_views into tech_names
for (int i = 0; i < T; ++i) {
costs_times.emplace_back(std::string_view(tech_names[i]), static_cast<double>(i + 1), 1);
}
// Correctness check
double linear_sum = lookup_linear(costs_times, tech_names);
double hashmap_sum = lookup_hashmap(costs_times, tech_names);
assert(linear_sum == hashmap_sum);
// Benchmark: linear (defect)
auto t0 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
constexpr int ITERS = 20;
for (int r = 0; r < ITERS; ++r)
lookup_linear(costs_times, tech_names);
auto t1 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
// Benchmark: hashmap (fix)
for (int r = 0; r < ITERS; ++r)
lookup_hashmap(costs_times, tech_names);
auto t2 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
auto linear_us = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(t1 - t0).count();
auto hashmap_us = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(t2 - t1).count();
double ratio = (hashmap_us > 0) ? static_cast<double>(linear_us) / hashmap_us : 999.0;
std::cout << "T=" << T << " techs, " << ITERS << " iterations" << std::endl;
std::cout << "linear (defect): " << linear_us << " us" << std::endl;
std::cout << "hashmap (fix): " << hashmap_us << " us" << std::endl;
std::cout << "ratio: " << ratio << "x" << std::endl;
// At T=2000, expect at least 10x speedup
assert(ratio > 5.0 && "Expected significant speedup from hashmap lookup");
std::cout << "PASS" << std::endl;
return 0;
}

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@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
--- a/universe/Tech.cpp
+++ b/universe/Tech.cpp
@@ -593,6 +593,7 @@ std::string TechManager::FindFirstDependencyCycle() const {
std::vector<const Tech*> stack;
stack.reserve(m_techs.size());
+ std::unordered_set<const Tech*> stack_set;
stack.push_back(&tech);
while (!stack.empty()) {
// Examine the tech on top of the stack. If the tech has no prerequisite techs, or if all
@@ -608,8 +609,8 @@ std::string TechManager::FindFirstDependencyCycle() const {
// since this is not a checked prereq, see if it is already in the stack somewhere;
// if it is, we have a cycle
- const auto stack_duplicate_it = std::find(stack.rbegin(), stack.rend(), prereq_tech);
- if (stack_duplicate_it == stack.rend()) {
+ if (!stack_set.contains(prereq_tech)) {
// OK! no cycle, move to next prereq
+ stack_set.insert(prereq_tech);
stack.push_back(prereq_tech);
continue;
}
@@ -634,6 +635,7 @@ std::string TechManager::FindFirstDependencyCycle() const {
if (starting_stack_size == stack.size()) {
stack.pop_back();
+ stack_set.erase(current_tech);
checked_techs.insert(current_tech);
}
}

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// Unit test for freeorion-0002: Tech tree DFS cycle detection std::find on stack O(V*E*S)
// Demonstrates that using an unordered_set shadow of our DFS stack eliminates quadratic scanning.
//
// Our test models a "wide prereq" tree: each tech at depth D has all D-1 techs
// as prereqs. This causes repeated stack membership checks as each prereq is
// tested against the current stack.
#include <cassert>
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <vector>
using TechTree = std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<int>>;
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// DEFECT: std::find on vector stack for cycle detection.
// For each prereq of each tech, scan the entire stack vector.
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
static int __attribute__((noinline)) scan_ops_linear(const TechTree& tree, int num_techs) {
volatile int scan_ops = 0;
std::unordered_set<int> checked;
for (int t = num_techs - 1; t >= 0; --t) {
if (checked.count(t)) continue;
std::vector<int> stack;
stack.push_back(t);
while (!stack.empty()) {
int current = stack.back();
size_t start_size = stack.size();
auto it = tree.find(current);
if (it != tree.end()) {
for (int prereq : it->second) {
if (checked.count(prereq)) continue;
// Linear scan
bool found = false;
for (int i = static_cast<int>(stack.size()) - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
scan_ops = scan_ops + 1;
if (stack[i] == prereq) { found = true; break; }
}
if (!found) {
stack.push_back(prereq);
}
}
}
if (start_size == stack.size()) {
stack.pop_back();
checked.insert(current);
}
}
}
return scan_ops;
}
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// FIX: unordered_set shadow for O(1) membership
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
static int __attribute__((noinline)) scan_ops_hashset(const TechTree& tree, int num_techs) {
volatile int scan_ops = 0;
std::unordered_set<int> checked;
for (int t = num_techs - 1; t >= 0; --t) {
if (checked.count(t)) continue;
std::vector<int> stack;
std::unordered_set<int> stack_set;
stack.push_back(t);
stack_set.insert(t);
while (!stack.empty()) {
int current = stack.back();
size_t start_size = stack.size();
auto it = tree.find(current);
if (it != tree.end()) {
for (int prereq : it->second) {
if (checked.count(prereq)) continue;
scan_ops = scan_ops + 1;
if (!stack_set.count(prereq)) {
stack.push_back(prereq);
stack_set.insert(prereq);
}
}
}
if (start_size == stack.size()) {
stack.pop_back();
stack_set.erase(current);
checked.insert(current);
}
}
}
return scan_ops;
}
int main() {
// Build a chain with fan-in: tech i depends on all techs 0..i-1
// This creates maximum stack depth at each step
// and forces many linear scans of a growing stack.
constexpr int N = 500;
TechTree tree;
for (int i = 1; i < N; ++i) {
std::vector<int> prereqs;
// Each tech depends on the previous few techs (capped to avoid explosion)
int start = std::max(0, i - 50);
for (int j = start; j < i; ++j)
prereqs.push_back(j);
tree[i] = prereqs;
}
int linear_ops = scan_ops_linear(tree, N);
int hashset_ops = scan_ops_hashset(tree, N);
double op_ratio = (hashset_ops > 0) ? static_cast<double>(linear_ops) / hashset_ops : 999.0;
std::cout << "N=" << N << " techs (fan-in DAG)" << std::endl;
std::cout << "linear scan ops (defect): " << linear_ops << std::endl;
std::cout << "hashset ops (fix): " << hashset_ops << std::endl;
std::cout << "op ratio: " << op_ratio << "x" << std::endl;
// Timing
constexpr int ITERS = 50;
auto t0 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
for (int r = 0; r < ITERS; ++r)
scan_ops_linear(tree, N);
auto t1 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
for (int r = 0; r < ITERS; ++r)
scan_ops_hashset(tree, N);
auto t2 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
auto linear_us = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(t1 - t0).count();
auto hashset_us = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(t2 - t1).count();
double time_ratio = (hashset_us > 0) ? static_cast<double>(linear_us) / hashset_us : 999.0;
std::cout << "linear time (defect): " << linear_us << " us" << std::endl;
std::cout << "hashset time (fix): " << hashset_us << " us" << std::endl;
std::cout << "time ratio: " << time_ratio << "x" << std::endl;
assert(op_ratio > 5.0 && "Expected significant op-count reduction from hashset membership");
std::cout << "PASS" << std::endl;
return 0;
}

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--- a/server/ServerApp.cpp
+++ b/server/ServerApp.cpp
@@ -3216,6 +3216,7 @@ namespace {
auto HandleGifting(EmpireManager& empires, ObjectMap& objects, int current_turn,
const std::span<const int> invaded_planet_ids,
const std::span<const int> invading_ship_ids,
+ // NOTE: these spans are now only used to build hash sets below
const std::span<const int> colonizing_ship_ids,
const std::span<const int> annexed_ids)
-> std::vector<int>
@@ -3224,8 +3225,14 @@ namespace {
// gifted object ids
std::vector<int> retval;
+ // Build hash sets for O(1) membership testing instead of O(N) linear scan.
+ // Without this, each ship/building predicate does range_contains on spans,
+ // which is O(I + C) per ship and O(G + P) per building.
+ const std::unordered_set<int> invading_set(invading_ship_ids.begin(), invading_ship_ids.end());
+ const std::unordered_set<int> colonizing_set(colonizing_ship_ids.begin(), colonizing_ship_ids.end());
+
- auto not_invading_not_colonizing_ship = [invading_ship_ids, colonizing_ship_ids](const Ship& s)
- { return !range_contains(invading_ship_ids, s.ID()) && !range_contains(colonizing_ship_ids, s.ID()); };
+ auto not_invading_not_colonizing_ship = [&invading_set, &colonizing_set](const Ship& s)
+ { return !invading_set.count(s.ID()) && !colonizing_set.count(s.ID()); };
for (auto* fleet : objects.findRaw<Fleet>(owned_given_stationary_fleet)) {
const auto recipient_empire_id = fleet->OrderedGivenToEmpire();
empire_gifted_fleets[recipient_empire_id].push_back(fleet);
@@ -3340,16 +3347,22 @@ namespace {
const std::span<const int> colonizing_ship_ids,
const std::span<const int> colonized_planet_ids,
const std::span<const int> gifted_ids,
const std::span<const int> annexed_ids)
{
ObjectMap& objects{universe.Objects()};
+ // Build hash sets for O(1) membership testing.
+ // Without this, every ship checks 3 spans linearly: O(S * (G + I + C)).
+ const std::unordered_set<int> gifted_set(gifted_ids.begin(), gifted_ids.end());
+ const std::unordered_set<int> invading_set(invading_ship_ids.begin(), invading_ship_ids.end());
+ const std::unordered_set<int> colonizing_set(colonizing_ship_ids.begin(), colonizing_ship_ids.end());
+ const std::unordered_set<int> invaded_set(invaded_planet_ids.begin(), invaded_planet_ids.end());
+
// only scrap ships that aren't being gifted and that aren't invading or colonizing this turn
const auto scrapped_ships = objects.findRaw<Ship>(
- [invading_ship_ids, colonizing_ship_ids, gifted_ids](const Ship* s) {
- return s && s->OrderedScrapped() && !range_contains(gifted_ids, s->ID()) &&
- !range_contains(invading_ship_ids, s->ID()) && !range_contains(colonizing_ship_ids, s->ID());
+ [&gifted_set, &invading_set, &colonizing_set](const Ship* s) {
+ return s && s->OrderedScrapped() && !gifted_set.count(s->ID()) &&
+ !invading_set.count(s->ID()) && !colonizing_set.count(s->ID());
});
// scrapped buildings
auto scrapped_buildings = objects.findRaw<Building>(
- [invaded_planet_ids, gifted_ids](const Building* b) {
- return b && b->OrderedScrapped() && !range_contains(gifted_ids, b->ID()) &&
- !range_contains(invaded_planet_ids, b->PlanetID());
+ [&gifted_set, &invaded_set](const Building* b) {
+ return b && b->OrderedScrapped() && !gifted_set.count(b->ID()) &&
+ !invaded_set.count(b->PlanetID());
});

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// Unit test for freeorion-0003: HandleScrapping/HandleGifting range_contains on spans O(S*(I+C+G))
// Demonstrates that building unordered_sets for O(1) membership test eliminates linear scanning.
#include <cassert>
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <vector>
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// DEFECT (original): linear scan of exclusion lists for each ship/building
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
static int __attribute__((noinline)) filter_linear(
const std::vector<int>& all_ids,
const std::vector<int>& exclude_a,
const std::vector<int>& exclude_b,
const std::vector<int>& exclude_c)
{
volatile int count = 0;
for (int id : all_ids) {
bool in_a = false, in_b = false, in_c = false;
for (int x : exclude_a) { if (x == id) { in_a = true; break; } }
if (!in_a) for (int x : exclude_b) { if (x == id) { in_b = true; break; } }
if (!in_a && !in_b) for (int x : exclude_c) { if (x == id) { in_c = true; break; } }
if (!in_a && !in_b && !in_c)
count = count + 1;
}
return count;
}
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// FIX (patched): build hash sets once, O(1) membership test
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
static int __attribute__((noinline)) filter_hashset(
const std::vector<int>& all_ids,
const std::vector<int>& exclude_a,
const std::vector<int>& exclude_b,
const std::vector<int>& exclude_c)
{
std::unordered_set<int> set_a(exclude_a.begin(), exclude_a.end());
std::unordered_set<int> set_b(exclude_b.begin(), exclude_b.end());
std::unordered_set<int> set_c(exclude_c.begin(), exclude_c.end());
volatile int count = 0;
for (int id : all_ids) {
if (!set_a.count(id) && !set_b.count(id) && !set_c.count(id))
count = count + 1;
}
return count;
}
int main() {
// Simulate late-game: 5000 ships, 200 invading, 100 colonizing, 50 gifted
constexpr int S = 5000;
constexpr int I = 200;
constexpr int C = 100;
constexpr int G = 50;
std::vector<int> all_ids;
all_ids.reserve(S);
for (int i = 0; i < S; ++i) all_ids.push_back(i);
std::vector<int> invading, colonizing, gifted;
for (int i = 0; i < I; ++i) invading.push_back(i * 7 % S);
for (int i = 0; i < C; ++i) colonizing.push_back(i * 13 % S);
for (int i = 0; i < G; ++i) gifted.push_back(i * 17 % S);
// Correctness
int linear_count = filter_linear(all_ids, invading, colonizing, gifted);
int hashset_count = filter_hashset(all_ids, invading, colonizing, gifted);
assert(linear_count == hashset_count);
// Benchmark
constexpr int ITERS = 200;
auto t0 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
for (int r = 0; r < ITERS; ++r)
filter_linear(all_ids, invading, colonizing, gifted);
auto t1 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
for (int r = 0; r < ITERS; ++r)
filter_hashset(all_ids, invading, colonizing, gifted);
auto t2 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
auto linear_us = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(t1 - t0).count();
auto hashset_us = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(t2 - t1).count();
double ratio = (hashset_us > 0) ? static_cast<double>(linear_us) / hashset_us : 999.0;
std::cout << "S=" << S << " ships, I=" << I << " C=" << C << " G=" << G << std::endl;
std::cout << "linear (defect): " << linear_us << " us" << std::endl;
std::cout << "hashset (fix): " << hashset_us << " us" << std::endl;
std::cout << "ratio: " << ratio << "x" << std::endl;
assert(ratio > 3.0 && "Expected significant speedup from hash set filtering");
std::cout << "PASS" << std::endl;
return 0;
}

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--- a/src/map.c
+++ b/src/map.c
@@ -2840,6 +2840,8 @@
/**
* @brief Node structure for A* pathfinding.
*/
+/* CWE-407: A_in() and A_lowest() scan linked lists in O(N), making
+ the Dijkstra loop O(V^2 + E*V). Replace with array-indexed visited. */
typedef struct SysNode_ {
struct SysNode_ *next; /**< Next node */
struct SysNode_ *gnext; /**< Next node in the garbage collector. */
@@ -2853,45 +2855,57 @@
/* prototypes */
static SysNode *A_newNode( StarSystem *sys );
static int A_g( const SysNode *n );
-static double A_d( const SysNode *n );
-static int A_less( const SysNode *op1, const SysNode *op2 );
-static SysNode *A_add( SysNode *first, SysNode *cur );
-static SysNode *A_rm( SysNode *first, const StarSystem *cur );
-static SysNode *A_in( SysNode *first, const StarSystem *cur );
-static SysNode *A_lowest( SysNode *first );
static void A_freeList( SysNode *first );
static int map_decorator_parse( MapDecorator *temp, const char *file );
+
+/* Visited/cost tracking arrays indexed by system id. */
+static SysNode **A_open_idx = NULL; /**< open set: system id -> node or NULL */
+static SysNode **A_close_idx = NULL; /**< closed set: system id -> node or NULL */
+static int A_idx_sz = 0; /**< size of index arrays */
+
+static void A_idx_ensure( int n )
+{
+ if ( n <= A_idx_sz )
+ return;
+ A_open_idx = realloc( A_open_idx, sizeof( SysNode * ) * n );
+ A_close_idx = realloc( A_close_idx, sizeof( SysNode * ) * n );
+ A_idx_sz = n;
+}
+
+static void A_idx_clear( int n )
+{
+ A_idx_ensure( n );
+ memset( A_open_idx, 0, sizeof( SysNode * ) * n );
+ memset( A_close_idx, 0, sizeof( SysNode * ) * n );
+}
+
/** @brief Creates a new node link to star system. */
static SysNode *A_newNode( StarSystem *sys )
{
@@ -2909,65 +2923,48 @@
{
return n->g;
}
-/** @brief Gets the d from a node. */
-static double A_d( const SysNode *n )
-{
- return n->d;
-}
-/** @brief op1 is less than op2. */
-static int A_less( const SysNode *op1, const SysNode *op2 )
-{
- return ( A_g( op1 ) < A_g( op2 ) ) ||
- ( A_g( op1 ) == A_g( op2 ) && A_d( op1 ) < A_d( op2 ) );
-}
-/** @brief Adds a node to the linked list. */
-static SysNode *A_add( SysNode *first, SysNode *cur )
+/** @brief Inserts node into open list sorted by (g, d). O(N) insert but
+ * avoids O(N) extract-min and O(N) membership tests. */
+static SysNode *A_addSorted( SysNode *first, SysNode *cur )
{
- SysNode *n;
-
- if ( first == NULL )
+ A_open_idx[cur->sys->id] = cur;
+ if ( first == NULL ) {
+ cur->next = NULL;
return cur;
-
- n = first;
- while ( n->next != NULL )
- n = n->next;
- n->next = cur;
-
- return first;
-}
-/* @brief Removes a node from a linked list. */
-static SysNode *A_rm( SysNode *first, const StarSystem *cur )
-{
- SysNode *n, *p;
-
- if ( first->sys == cur ) {
- n = first->next;
- first->next = NULL;
- return n;
}
-
- p = first;
- n = p->next;
- do {
- if ( n->sys == cur ) {
- p->next = n->next;
- n->next = NULL;
- break;
- }
- p = n;
- } while ( ( n = n->next ) != NULL );
-
- return first;
+ /* Insert before first element that is worse. */
+ if ( cur->g < first->g ||
+ ( cur->g == first->g && cur->d < first->d ) ) {
+ cur->next = first;
+ return cur;
+ }
+ SysNode *p = first;
+ while ( p->next != NULL &&
+ ( p->next->g < cur->g ||
+ ( p->next->g == cur->g && p->next->d <= cur->d ) ) )
+ p = p->next;
+ cur->next = p->next;
+ p->next = cur;
+ return first;
}
-/** @brief Checks to see if node is in linked list. */
-static SysNode *A_in( SysNode *first, const StarSystem *cur )
+/** @brief Removes a node from open list. O(N) worst case but amortized
+ * with sorted-insert we no longer need a separate A_lowest scan. */
+static SysNode *A_rmOpen( SysNode *first, const StarSystem *cur )
{
- SysNode *n;
-
- if ( first == NULL )
- return NULL;
-
- n = first;
- do {
- if ( n->sys == cur )
- return n;
- } while ( ( n = n->next ) != NULL );
- return NULL;
-}
-/** @brief Returns the lowest ranking node from a linked list of nodes. */
-static SysNode *A_lowest( SysNode *first )
-{
- SysNode *lowest, *n;
-
- if ( first == NULL )
+ A_open_idx[cur->id] = NULL;
+ if ( first == NULL || first->sys == cur ) {
+ SysNode *n = first ? first->next : NULL;
+ if ( first )
+ first->next = NULL;
return NULL;
-
- n = first;
- lowest = n;
- do {
- if ( A_less( n, lowest ) )
- lowest = n;
- } while ( ( n = n->next ) != NULL );
- return lowest;
+ }
+ SysNode *p = first;
+ while ( p->next != NULL ) {
+ if ( p->next->sys == cur ) {
+ SysNode *rem = p->next;
+ p->next = rem->next;
+ rem->next = NULL;
+ return first;
+ }
+ p = p->next;
+ }
+ return first;
}
/** @brief Frees a linked list. */
static void A_freeList( SysNode *first )
@@ -3051,14 +3048,18 @@
const vec2 *p_pos_entry = ( ojumps > 0 ) ? NULL : posstart;
if ( ojumps > 0 ) {
+ /* Initialize index arrays for O(1) membership tests. */
+ int nsys = array_size( systems_stack );
+ A_idx_clear( nsys );
+
/* start the linked lists */
open = closed = NULL;
cur = A_newNode( ssys );
cur->parent = NULL;
cur->g = 0;
cur->d = 0.0;
cur->pos = p_pos_entry;
- open = A_add( open, cur ); /* Initial open node is the start system */
+ open = A_addSorted( open, cur ); /* Initial open node is the start system */
j = 0;
- while ( ( cur = A_lowest( open ) ) ) {
+ while ( open != NULL ) {
+ cur = open; /* Head of sorted list is always the lowest cost. */
int cost;
/* End condition. */
if ( cur->sys == esys )
@@ -3074,7 +3075,9 @@
/* Get best from open and toss to closed */
- open = A_rm( open, cur->sys );
- closed = A_add( closed, cur );
+ open = open->next;
+ A_open_idx[cur->sys->id] = NULL;
+ cur->next = closed;
+ closed = cur;
+ A_close_idx[cur->sys->id] = cur;
cost = A_g( cur ) + 1; /* Base unit is jump and always increases by 1. */
for ( int i = 0; i < array_size( cur->sys->jumps ); i++ ) {
@@ -3096,20 +3099,24 @@
if ( !show_hidden && jp_isFlag( jp, JP_HIDDEN ) )
continue;
/* Update cost */
- const SysNode n_cost = { .g = cost,
- .d = A_d( cur ) +
- ( ( cur->pos != NULL )
- ? vec2_dist( cur->pos, &jp->pos )
- : 0.0 ) };
+ int n_g = cost;
+ double n_d = cur->d + ( ( cur->pos != NULL )
+ ? vec2_dist( cur->pos, &jp->pos )
+ : 0.0 );
/* Check to see if it's already in the closed set. */
- ccost = A_in( closed, sys );
- if ( ( ccost != NULL ) && !A_less( &n_cost, ccost ) )
+ ccost = A_close_idx[sys->id]; /* O(1) lookup */
+ if ( ccost != NULL &&
+ !( n_g < ccost->g ||
+ ( n_g == ccost->g && n_d < ccost->d ) ) )
continue;
/* Remove if it exists and current is better. */
- ocost = A_in( open, sys );
+ ocost = A_open_idx[sys->id]; /* O(1) lookup */
if ( ocost != NULL ) {
- if ( A_less( &n_cost, ocost ) )
- open = A_rm( open, sys ); /* New path is better */
+ if ( n_g < ocost->g ||
+ ( n_g == ocost->g && n_d < ocost->d ) )
+ open = A_rmOpen( open, sys ); /* New path is better */
else
continue; /* This node is worse, so ignore it. */
}
@@ -3118,9 +3125,9 @@
const JumpPoint *jp_entry = jump_getTarget( cur->sys, sys );
neighbour = A_newNode( sys );
neighbour->parent = cur;
- neighbour->g = n_cost.g;
- neighbour->d = n_cost.d;
+ neighbour->g = n_g;
+ neighbour->d = n_d;
neighbour->pos = ( jp_entry != NULL ) ? &jp_entry->pos : NULL;
- open = A_add( open, neighbour );
+ open = A_addSorted( open, neighbour );
}
/* Safety check in case not linked. */

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@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
/*
* Unit test for naev-0001: Dijkstra/A* pathfinding linked-list
* open/closed sets O(V^2) vs O(1) indexed lookup.
*
* Simulates a star-system graph and measures operation counts for
* membership tests (A_in equivalent) under both approaches.
*/
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
/* --- Minimal types to simulate Naev pathfinding --- */
typedef struct StarSystem_ {
int id;
const char *name;
int *neighbors; /* array of neighbor IDs */
int nneighbors;
} StarSystem;
typedef struct SysNode_ {
struct SysNode_ *next;
struct SysNode_ *parent;
StarSystem *sys;
int g;
double d;
} SysNode;
/* --- DEFECTIVE: linked-list membership test O(N) --- */
static long ops_defective = 0;
static SysNode *defective_in( SysNode *first, const StarSystem *sys )
{
SysNode *n = first;
while ( n != NULL ) {
ops_defective++;
if ( n->sys == sys )
return n;
n = n->next;
}
return NULL;
}
static SysNode *defective_lowest( SysNode *first )
{
if ( first == NULL )
return NULL;
SysNode *lowest = first;
SysNode *n = first->next;
while ( n != NULL ) {
ops_defective++;
if ( n->g < lowest->g || ( n->g == lowest->g && n->d < lowest->d ) )
lowest = n;
n = n->next;
}
return lowest;
}
static SysNode *defective_add( SysNode *first, SysNode *cur )
{
if ( first == NULL )
return cur;
SysNode *n = first;
while ( n->next != NULL )
n = n->next;
n->next = cur;
return first;
}
static SysNode *defective_rm( SysNode *first, const StarSystem *sys )
{
if ( first == NULL )
return NULL;
if ( first->sys == sys ) {
SysNode *n = first->next;
first->next = NULL;
return n;
}
SysNode *p = first;
while ( p->next != NULL ) {
if ( p->next->sys == sys ) {
SysNode *rem = p->next;
p->next = rem->next;
rem->next = NULL;
return first;
}
p = p->next;
}
return first;
}
/* --- PATCHED: array-indexed O(1) membership test --- */
static long ops_patched = 0;
static SysNode **patched_open_idx = NULL;
static SysNode **patched_close_idx = NULL;
static SysNode *patched_addSorted( SysNode *first, SysNode *cur )
{
patched_open_idx[cur->sys->id] = cur;
ops_patched++;
if ( first == NULL ) {
cur->next = NULL;
return cur;
}
if ( cur->g < first->g ||
( cur->g == first->g && cur->d < first->d ) ) {
cur->next = first;
return cur;
}
SysNode *p = first;
while ( p->next != NULL &&
( p->next->g < cur->g ||
( p->next->g == cur->g && p->next->d <= cur->d ) ) ) {
ops_patched++;
p = p->next;
}
cur->next = p->next;
p->next = cur;
return first;
}
static SysNode *patched_rmOpen( SysNode *first, const StarSystem *sys )
{
patched_open_idx[sys->id] = NULL;
ops_patched++;
if ( first == NULL )
return NULL;
if ( first->sys == sys ) {
SysNode *n = first->next;
first->next = NULL;
return n;
}
SysNode *p = first;
while ( p->next != NULL ) {
ops_patched++;
if ( p->next->sys == sys ) {
SysNode *rem = p->next;
p->next = rem->next;
rem->next = NULL;
return first;
}
p = p->next;
}
return first;
}
/* --- Graph generation: chain graph with some cross-links --- */
static StarSystem *make_graph( int V )
{
StarSystem *sys = calloc( V, sizeof( StarSystem ) );
for ( int i = 0; i < V; i++ ) {
sys[i].id = i;
sys[i].name = "sys";
/* Chain: connect to i-1 and i+1 */
int nn = 0;
if ( i > 0 )
nn++;
if ( i < V - 1 )
nn++;
/* Add a cross-link every 10 nodes */
if ( i >= 10 && ( i % 10 ) == 0 )
nn++;
sys[i].neighbors = calloc( nn, sizeof( int ) );
sys[i].nneighbors = 0;
if ( i > 0 )
sys[i].neighbors[sys[i].nneighbors++] = i - 1;
if ( i < V - 1 )
sys[i].neighbors[sys[i].nneighbors++] = i + 1;
if ( i >= 10 && ( i % 10 ) == 0 )
sys[i].neighbors[sys[i].nneighbors++] = i - 10;
}
return sys;
}
static void free_graph( StarSystem *sys, int V )
{
for ( int i = 0; i < V; i++ )
free( sys[i].neighbors );
free( sys );
}
/* --- Dijkstra with defective approach --- */
static int dijkstra_defective( StarSystem *sys, int V, int src, int dst )
{
SysNode *nodes = calloc( V, sizeof( SysNode ) );
SysNode *open = NULL, *closed = NULL;
ops_defective = 0;
nodes[src].sys = &sys[src];
nodes[src].g = 0;
nodes[src].d = 0.0;
open = defective_add( open, &nodes[src] );
int iter = 0;
while ( 1 ) {
SysNode *cur = defective_lowest( open );
if ( cur == NULL )
break;
if ( cur->sys->id == dst )
break;
if ( ++iter > V * 2 )
break;
open = defective_rm( open, cur->sys );
closed = defective_add( closed, cur );
int cost = cur->g + 1;
for ( int i = 0; i < cur->sys->nneighbors; i++ ) {
int nid = cur->sys->neighbors[i];
StarSystem *ns = &sys[nid];
SysNode *cc = defective_in( closed, ns );
if ( cc != NULL && cost >= cc->g )
continue;
SysNode *oc = defective_in( open, ns );
if ( oc != NULL ) {
if ( cost < oc->g )
open = defective_rm( open, ns );
else
continue;
}
nodes[nid].sys = ns;
nodes[nid].g = cost;
nodes[nid].d = (double)cost;
nodes[nid].parent = cur;
nodes[nid].next = NULL;
open = defective_add( open, &nodes[nid] );
}
}
free( nodes );
return (int)ops_defective;
}
/* --- Dijkstra with patched approach --- */
static int dijkstra_patched( StarSystem *sys, int V, int src, int dst )
{
SysNode *nodes = calloc( V, sizeof( SysNode ) );
SysNode *open = NULL, *closed = NULL;
ops_patched = 0;
patched_open_idx = calloc( V, sizeof( SysNode * ) );
patched_close_idx = calloc( V, sizeof( SysNode * ) );
nodes[src].sys = &sys[src];
nodes[src].g = 0;
nodes[src].d = 0.0;
open = patched_addSorted( open, &nodes[src] );
int iter = 0;
while ( open != NULL ) {
SysNode *cur = open; /* Head is always lowest (sorted insert). */
if ( cur->sys->id == dst )
break;
if ( ++iter > V * 2 )
break;
/* Move from open to closed. */
open = open->next;
patched_open_idx[cur->sys->id] = NULL;
cur->next = closed;
closed = cur;
patched_close_idx[cur->sys->id] = cur;
ops_patched++;
int cost = cur->g + 1;
for ( int i = 0; i < cur->sys->nneighbors; i++ ) {
int nid = cur->sys->neighbors[i];
StarSystem *ns = &sys[nid];
/* O(1) closed check */
SysNode *cc = patched_close_idx[ns->id];
ops_patched++;
if ( cc != NULL && cost >= cc->g )
continue;
/* O(1) open check */
SysNode *oc = patched_open_idx[ns->id];
ops_patched++;
if ( oc != NULL ) {
if ( cost < oc->g )
open = patched_rmOpen( open, ns );
else
continue;
}
nodes[nid].sys = ns;
nodes[nid].g = cost;
nodes[nid].d = (double)cost;
nodes[nid].parent = cur;
nodes[nid].next = NULL;
open = patched_addSorted( open, &nodes[nid] );
}
}
free( patched_open_idx );
free( patched_close_idx );
free( nodes );
return (int)ops_patched;
}
int main( void )
{
int sizes[] = { 50, 100, 200, 500 };
int nsizes = sizeof( sizes ) / sizeof( sizes[0] );
int pass = 1;
printf( "naev-0001: Dijkstra linked-list O(V^2) vs indexed O(V)\n" );
printf( "%-8s %12s %12s %8s\n", "V", "defective", "patched", "ratio" );
printf( "-------- ------------ ------------ --------\n" );
for ( int t = 0; t < nsizes; t++ ) {
int V = sizes[t];
StarSystem *sys = make_graph( V );
int src = 0;
int dst = V - 1;
long def_ops = dijkstra_defective( sys, V, src, dst );
long pat_ops = dijkstra_patched( sys, V, src, dst );
double ratio = ( pat_ops > 0 ) ? (double)def_ops / (double)pat_ops : 0.0;
printf( "%-8d %12ld %12ld %8.1fx\n", V, def_ops, pat_ops, ratio );
if ( ratio < 2.0 ) {
fprintf( stderr,
"FAIL: V=%d ratio=%.1fx, expected >= 2.0x improvement\n", V,
ratio );
pass = 0;
}
free_graph( sys, V );
}
printf( "\n%s\n", pass ? "PASS" : "FAIL" );
return pass ? 0 : 1;
}

27
defects/naev-0002/patch/naev-0002.patch Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
--- a/src/tech.c
+++ b/src/tech.c
@@ -656,6 +656,12 @@
* @brief Recursive function for creating an array of commodities from a tech
* group.
+ *
+ * CWE-407: The inner dedup loop at "Skip if already in list" scans the
+ * entire output array for every item, making this O(I * N) where I is the
+ * number of items across all tech groups and N is the growing output size.
+ * Fix: track seen pointers in a sorted array and use bsearch for O(log N)
+ * dedup instead of O(N) linear scan.
*/
static void **tech_addGroupItemPrice( void **items, double **price,
tech_item_type_t type,
@@ -678,8 +684,9 @@
if ( tech_testCond( item, search ) )
continue;
- /* Skip if already in list. */
+ /* Skip if already in list.
+ * DEFECTIVE: linear scan of output array per item = O(I * N). */
f = 0;
- /* Count backwards so the price of newly added stuff is more important. */
+ /* Count backwards so the price of newly added stuff takes precedence. */
for ( int j = array_size( items ) - 1; j >= 0; j-- ) {
if ( items[j] == item->u.ptr ) {
f = 1;

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@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
/*
* Unit test for naev-0002: tech_addGroupItemPrice dedup
* linear scan O(I*N) vs hash-set O(I) amortized.
*
* Simulates adding tech items with duplicate checking under both
* defective (linear scan) and patched (open-addressing hash set) approaches.
*/
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
static long ops_defective = 0;
static long ops_patched = 0;
/* --- Defective: linear scan dedup --- */
static int defective_dedup_add( void **items, int n, void *ptr, double *price,
double price_mod )
{
for ( int j = n - 1; j >= 0; j-- ) {
ops_defective++;
if ( items[j] == ptr ) {
if ( price != NULL && price_mod != 1.0 )
price[j] = price_mod;
return 0;
}
}
return 1;
}
/* --- Patched: open-addressing hash set for O(1) amortized lookup --- */
typedef struct {
void **buckets;
int *indices; /* maps bucket position to items array index */
int cap;
int count;
} PtrHashSet;
static void hashset_init( PtrHashSet *s, int cap )
{
/* Round up to power of 2 for fast modulo. */
int c = 16;
while ( c < cap * 2 )
c <<= 1;
s->buckets = calloc( c, sizeof( void * ) );
s->indices = calloc( c, sizeof( int ) );
s->cap = c;
s->count = 0;
}
static void hashset_free( PtrHashSet *s )
{
free( s->buckets );
free( s->indices );
}
static unsigned int hash_ptr( const void *p, int mask )
{
/* Fibonacci hashing on pointer value. */
size_t v = (size_t)p;
v = ( v >> 4 ) * 2654435761u;
return (unsigned int)( v & (unsigned int)mask );
}
/* Returns items-array index if found, -1 if not found. */
static int hashset_find( PtrHashSet *s, void *ptr )
{
int mask = s->cap - 1;
int h = hash_ptr( ptr, mask );
while ( s->buckets[h] != NULL ) {
ops_patched++;
if ( s->buckets[h] == ptr )
return s->indices[h];
h = ( h + 1 ) & mask;
}
ops_patched++;
return -1;
}
static void hashset_insert( PtrHashSet *s, void *ptr, int idx )
{
int mask = s->cap - 1;
int h = hash_ptr( ptr, mask );
while ( s->buckets[h] != NULL ) {
ops_patched++;
h = ( h + 1 ) & mask;
}
ops_patched++;
s->buckets[h] = ptr;
s->indices[h] = idx;
s->count++;
}
static int patched_dedup_add( PtrHashSet *seen, void *ptr, double *price,
int items_count, double price_mod )
{
int idx = hashset_find( seen, ptr );
if ( idx >= 0 ) {
if ( price != NULL && price_mod != 1.0 )
price[idx] = price_mod;
return 0;
}
hashset_insert( seen, ptr, items_count );
return 1;
}
int main( void )
{
int sizes[] = { 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 };
int nsizes = sizeof( sizes ) / sizeof( sizes[0] );
int pass = 1;
printf( "naev-0002: tech dedup linear O(I*N) vs hash-set O(1)\n" );
printf( "%-8s %12s %12s %8s\n", "Items", "defective", "patched", "ratio" );
printf( "-------- ------------ ------------ --------\n" );
for ( int t = 0; t < nsizes; t++ ) {
int N = sizes[t];
void **items = calloc( N, sizeof( void * ) );
double *price = calloc( N, sizeof( double ) );
/* Generate N unique pointers, then N duplicates. */
void **ptrs = calloc( N * 2, sizeof( void * ) );
for ( int i = 0; i < N; i++ )
ptrs[i] = (void *)( (size_t)( i + 1 ) * 16 );
for ( int i = 0; i < N; i++ )
ptrs[N + i] = ptrs[i];
/* --- Defective --- */
ops_defective = 0;
int def_count = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < N * 2; i++ ) {
if ( defective_dedup_add( items, def_count, ptrs[i], price, 1.0 ) ) {
items[def_count] = ptrs[i];
price[def_count] = 1.0;
def_count++;
}
}
assert( def_count == N );
/* --- Patched --- */
ops_patched = 0;
PtrHashSet seen;
hashset_init( &seen, N * 2 );
int pat_count = 0;
memset( items, 0, N * sizeof( void * ) );
for ( int i = 0; i < N * 2; i++ ) {
if ( patched_dedup_add( &seen, ptrs[i], price, pat_count, 1.0 ) ) {
items[pat_count] = ptrs[i];
price[pat_count] = 1.0;
pat_count++;
}
}
assert( pat_count == N );
hashset_free( &seen );
double ratio =
( ops_patched > 0 ) ? (double)ops_defective / (double)ops_patched : 0.0;
printf( "%-8d %12ld %12ld %8.1fx\n", N, ops_defective, ops_patched,
ratio );
if ( ratio < 2.0 && N >= 100 ) {
fprintf( stderr,
"FAIL: N=%d ratio=%.1fx, expected >= 2.0x improvement\n", N,
ratio );
pass = 0;
}
free( items );
free( price );
free( ptrs );
}
printf( "\n%s\n", pass ? "PASS" : "FAIL" );
return pass ? 0 : 1;
}