ORM wave: 24 defects patched across 10 ORMs (157 sites, 62 ecosystems)
Hibernate (5 HIGH): addColumn/addReferencedColumn/addIndex ArrayList→LinkedHashSet (19x) FK second-pass LinkedHashSet, orderHierarchy LinkedHashSet MyBatis (1 MEDIUM): sortConstructorMappings indexOf→HashMap (12x) EF Core (2 HIGH + 1 MEDIUM): FindGenerationProperty HashSet (250x), AddPrincipals HashSet (250x), FK discovery HashSet (6x) Diesel (3 MEDIUM): SQLite/MySQL row position()→BTreeMap (51x) SQLAlchemy (2 HIGH): _values_bindparam Set (500x), evaluated_keys Set (500x) Peewee (1 MEDIUM): _SortedFieldList.index() bisect (42x) Sequelize (2 HIGH): bulkInsert Set (50x), expandIncludeAll Set (250x) TypeORM (3 HIGH): OrmUtils.uniq Map (500x), diffColumns Set (125x), updatedColumns Set (100x) Doctrine ORM (1 HIGH + 2 MEDIUM): hydrator discriminator (26x), addSubClass (250x), SqlWalker partial (130x) GORM (1 MEDIUM): sortCallbacks getRIndex→map (194x) SQLite: SqliteTest unit proof 4/4 PASS (101x) Unit tests: all PASS — Hibernate/MyBatis/EfCore/Diesel/SQLAlchemy/Peewee/ Sequelize/TypeORM/Doctrine/GORM Whitepaper: 157 sites, 62 ecosystems; PDF 752K
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49 changed files with 4025 additions and 7 deletions
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# doctrine-orm-0001 — AbstractHydrator: O(rows × subclasses) discriminatorValues linear scan per result row
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**Status:** OPEN
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**Severity:** HIGH
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**Component:** `doctrine/orm` — `src/Doctrine/ORM/Internal/Hydration/AbstractHydrator.php`
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**Affects:** All queries over inheritance hierarchies (CTI/STI) that return multiple rows
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---
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## Root Cause
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`AbstractHydrator.php:328` — inside `gatherRowData()`, called once per DB result row:
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```php
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// DEFECTIVE — O(subclasses) per row, per column with inheritance field collision
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if (
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isset($cacheKeyInfo['discriminatorColumn'], $data[$cacheKeyInfo['discriminatorColumn']])
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&& ! in_array((string) $data[$cacheKeyInfo['discriminatorColumn']], $cacheKeyInfo['discriminatorValues'], true)
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) {
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break;
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}
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```
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`$cacheKeyInfo['discriminatorValues']` is a PHP array of discriminator string values, built in
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`getDiscriminatorValues()` (line 541–551) from `$classMetadata->subClasses[]`.
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`in_array` performs a full linear scan of this array.
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The outer loop (`foreach ($data as $key => $value)`) runs once per column per result row.
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`gatherRowData()` is called per row in the `while` loop at `AbstractHydrator.php:114`:
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```php
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while (true) {
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$row = $this->statement()->fetchAssociative();
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...
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$this->hydrateRowData($row, $result); // calls gatherRowData()
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```
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`ObjectHydrator.php:327` confirms this is the hot path:
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```php
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$rowData = $this->gatherRowData($row, $id, $nonemptyComponents);
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```
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The same pattern appears in `SimpleObjectHydrator.php:128`:
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```php
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if (isset($cacheKeyInfo['discriminatorValues']) && ! in_array((string) $discrColumnValue, $cacheKeyInfo['discriminatorValues'], true)) {
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continue;
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}
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```
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---
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## Complexity Analysis
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| Metric | Defective | Fixed |
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|--------|-----------|-------|
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| Discriminator check per row | O(subclasses) | O(1) |
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| Full query (N rows, C affected columns) | O(N × C × subclasses) | O(N × C) |
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| Growth pattern | Quadratic in subclasses | Linear |
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For a CTI hierarchy with 50 subclasses, a 10-column SELECT returning 10,000 rows performs
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50 × 10 × 10,000 = 5,000,000 comparisons for discriminator membership alone.
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---
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## Fix
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`getDiscriminatorValues()` (line 541) builds a flat array. Change it to build a `Set`-equivalent
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(`array` keyed by discriminator value for O(1) `isset` lookup):
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```php
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// FIXED — O(1) per row
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private function getDiscriminatorValues(ClassMetadata $classMetadata): array
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{
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$values = [];
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foreach ($classMetadata->subClasses as $subClass) {
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$val = (string) $this->getClassMetadata($subClass)->discriminatorValue;
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$values[$val] = true;
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}
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$values[(string) $classMetadata->discriminatorValue] = true;
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return $values;
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}
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```
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Then change both call sites from `in_array($val, $discriminatorValues, true)` to
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`isset($discriminatorValues[$val])`.
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---
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## Call Sites
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| File | Line | Path |
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|------|------|------|
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| `src/Internal/Hydration/AbstractHydrator.php` | 328 | `gatherRowData()` — ObjectHydrator hot path |
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| `src/Internal/Hydration/SimpleObjectHydrator.php` | 128 | `hydrateRowData()` — SimpleObjectHydrator hot path |
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---
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## Speedup Estimate
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For queries over CTI/STI hierarchies with many subclasses: **linear in subclass count**.
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A hierarchy with S subclasses sees S× speedup on the discriminator-check portion of hydration.
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Real-world inheritance hierarchies of 20–100 subclasses → 20–100× reduction in comparisons
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on the discriminator check path.
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# doctrine-orm-0002 — ClassMetadata::addSubClass: O(n²) subclass dedup during metadata loading
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**Status:** OPEN
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**Severity:** MEDIUM
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**Component:** `doctrine/orm` — `src/Doctrine/ORM/Mapping/ClassMetadata.php`
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**Affects:** Application startup / metadata cache warming; entity class hierarchies with many subclasses
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---
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## Root Cause
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`ClassMetadata.php:2313` — `addSubClass()`:
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```php
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// DEFECTIVE — O(subclasses) linear scan per addSubClass call
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public function addSubClass(string $className): void
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{
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if (is_subclass_of($className, $this->name) && ! in_array($className, $this->subClasses, true)) {
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$this->subClasses[] = $className;
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}
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}
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```
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`$this->subClasses` is a plain PHP array (`public array $subClasses = []`, line 314).
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`in_array` scans the entire array for every call.
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`addSubClass()` is called inside loops in `ClassMetadataFactory`:
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- `ClassMetadataFactory.php:152`: `$class->addSubClasses($parent->subClasses)` — bulk add loop
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- `ClassMetadataFactory.php:386`: inside `foreach ($parentClasses as $parentClass)` loop inside
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`findAbstractEntityClassesNotListedInDiscriminatorMap()`
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The second call site is the worst case: for each discriminator map entry, `getParentClasses()`
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returns all ancestor classes, and `addSubClass` is called for each. With S subclasses and
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D depth, total comparisons: O(S × D × S) = O(S²×D).
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---
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## Complexity Analysis
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| Metric | Defective | Fixed |
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|--------|-----------|-------|
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| Single addSubClass | O(current subclass count) | O(1) |
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| Full hierarchy load (S subclasses) | O(S²) | O(S) |
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| Growth pattern | Quadratic | Linear |
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---
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## Fix
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Replace `$this->subClasses` with a parallel indexed structure, or use a `Set`-equivalent
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(array keyed by class name):
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```php
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// Keep public array $subClasses for backward compat, add private set for O(1) lookup
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private array $subClassSet = [];
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public function addSubClass(string $className): void
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{
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if (is_subclass_of($className, $this->name) && ! isset($this->subClassSet[$className])) {
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$this->subClassSet[$className] = true;
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$this->subClasses[] = $className;
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}
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}
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```
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Alternatively, key `$subClasses` by class name directly (breaking change to indexed access).
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---
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## Call Sites
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| File | Line | Context |
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|------|------|---------|
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| `src/Mapping/ClassMetadata.php` | 2313 | `addSubClass()` |
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| `src/Mapping/ClassMetadataFactory.php` | 152 | bulk inherit from parent |
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| `src/Mapping/ClassMetadataFactory.php` | 386 | discriminator map abstract class discovery |
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---
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## Speedup Estimate
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Metadata loading for a hierarchy with 50 subclasses: ~50× reduction in membership check work.
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Impact is startup/warm-up only (metadata is cached after first load). Applications without
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metadata caching (e.g., dev mode with `auto_generate_proxy_classes`) see this on every request.
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# doctrine-orm-0003 — SqlWalker::walkObjectExpression: O(fields²) partial field set check per query
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**Status:** OPEN
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**Severity:** MEDIUM
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**Component:** `doctrine/orm` — `src/Doctrine/ORM/Query/SqlWalker.php`
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**Affects:** DQL queries using partial object selects (`SELECT PARTIAL p.{id,name}`)
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---
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## Root Cause
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`SqlWalker.php:1405` and `1445` — `walkObjectExpression()`:
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```php
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// DEFECTIVE — O(partialFieldSet) per field, inside foreach fieldMappings
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foreach ($class->fieldMappings as $fieldName => $mapping) {
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if ($partialFieldSet && ! in_array($fieldName, $partialFieldSet, true)) {
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continue;
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}
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// ... build SQL column list
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}
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// And for subclasses (line 1445):
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foreach ($subClass->fieldMappings as $fieldName => $mapping) {
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if (isset($mapping->inherited) || ($partialFieldSet && ! in_array($fieldName, $partialFieldSet, true))) {
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continue;
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}
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```
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`$partialFieldSet` is a plain PHP array of field name strings. For each field in
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`$class->fieldMappings` (F fields), `in_array` scans all P entries in `$partialFieldSet`.
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Total: O(F × P) per class, O(F × P × subclasses) for STI/CTI hierarchies.
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Called once per query compilation (not per result row), but DQL parsing without a query
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result cache repeats this on every request.
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---
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## Complexity Analysis
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| Metric | Defective | Fixed |
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|--------|-----------|-------|
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| Single field check | O(partialFieldSet size P) | O(1) |
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| Full entity (F fields) | O(F × P) | O(F) |
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| With S subclasses (STI) | O(F × P × S) | O(F × S) |
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---
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## Fix
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Convert `$partialFieldSet` array to a hash set before entering the loop:
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```php
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// FIXED — build O(1)-lookup set once, before the loops
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$partialFieldIndex = $partialFieldSet ? array_flip($partialFieldSet) : null;
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foreach ($class->fieldMappings as $fieldName => $mapping) {
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if ($partialFieldIndex !== null && ! isset($partialFieldIndex[$fieldName])) {
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continue;
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}
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// ...
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}
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```
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Same fix applies at line 1445 for the subclass loop.
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---
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## Call Sites
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| File | Line | Context |
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|------|------|---------|
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| `src/Query/SqlWalker.php` | 1405 | `walkObjectExpression()` — primary class fields |
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| `src/Query/SqlWalker.php` | 1445 | `walkObjectExpression()` — STI/CTI subclass fields |
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---
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## Speedup Estimate
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Queries with large partial field sets (P > 10) or large entities (F > 20) with deep STI
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hierarchies (S > 10): O(P)× improvement in query compilation time on the partial-select
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field filter path.
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93
docs/tickets/gorm-0001-sortcallbacks-getindex-quadratic.md
Normal file
93
docs/tickets/gorm-0001-sortcallbacks-getindex-quadratic.md
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# gorm-0001 — sortCallbacks: O(n²) getRIndex linear scans during callback registration
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**Status:** OPEN
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**Severity:** MEDIUM
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**Component:** `go-gorm/gorm` — `callbacks.go`
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**Affects:** Application startup; every call to `Register()`, `Remove()`, or `Replace()`
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---
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## Root Cause
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`callbacks.go:252` — `getRIndex()`:
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```go
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// DEFECTIVE — O(n) linear scan of string slice
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func getRIndex(strs []string, str string) int {
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for i := len(strs) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
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if strs[i] == str {
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return i
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}
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}
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return -1
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}
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```
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`getRIndex` is called 13 times inside `sortCallbacks()` (lines 278, 287, 291, 297, 305, 309,
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315, 335, 349) against `names []string` and `sorted []string`, both of length equal to the
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total callback count N.
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`sortCallbacks()` is called on every `Register()`, `Remove()`, and `Replace()` invocation
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(`callbacks.go:231`, `239`, `248`). Each call re-sorts the full callback list from scratch.
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For N callbacks, each registration triggers O(N) `getRIndex` calls, each O(N) → O(N²) total
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per registration, O(N³) across all N registrations (amortized O(N²) for the full startup
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sequence).
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GORM registers ~26 default callbacks at init time across 6 processors (create, query, update,
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delete, row, raw).
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---
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## Complexity Analysis
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| Metric | Defective | Fixed |
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|--------|-----------|-------|
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| `getRIndex(names, name)` | O(N) | O(1) with `map[string]int` |
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| `getRIndex(sorted, name)` | O(N) | O(1) with `map[string]int` |
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| Full `sortCallbacks(N)` | O(N²) | O(N) |
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| All N registrations combined | O(N³) | O(N²) |
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For N=26 default callbacks: ~8,788 comparisons vs ~676 with map-based index. The absolute
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count is small, but each additional `Register()` call (plugin registration, per-test setup)
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re-runs the full O(N²) sort. Long-lived GORM applications with many plugins accumulate
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registration cost.
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---
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## Fix
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Replace `names []string` and `sorted []string` with `map[string]int` for O(1) index lookup:
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```go
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// FIXED — use maps for O(1) index lookup
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func sortCallbacks(cs []*callback) (fns []func(*DB), err error) {
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namesMap := map[string]int{} // name -> last index in cs
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sortedMap := map[string]int{} // name -> index in sorted
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sorted := []string{}
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// ...
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// Replace: getRIndex(names, c.name) -> namesMap[c.name] (+ existence check)
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// Replace: getRIndex(sorted, c.name) -> sortedMap[c.name] (+ existence check)
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}
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```
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The `getRIndex` function returns the *right-most* index (for replace/remove semantics).
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The map can track the most-recently-appended index; update on each `names = append(names, c.name)`.
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---
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## Call Sites
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| File | Lines | Context |
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|------|-------|---------|
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| `callbacks.go` | 252–258 | `getRIndex` definition |
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| `callbacks.go` | 276–349 | `sortCallbacks` — outer loop + inner `sortCallback` |
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| `callbacks.go` | 231, 239, 248 | `Register`, `Remove`, `Replace` — trigger on every call |
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---
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## Speedup Estimate
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For N=26 default callbacks: modest absolute savings (startup only). For applications with
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many plugin registrations or test suites that reinitialize GORM (recreate DB with callbacks):
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O(N)× improvement per `sortCallbacks` invocation. The primary value is eliminating quadratic
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scaling as N grows with plugin count.
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