ORM wave: 24 defects patched across 10 ORMs (157 sites, 62 ecosystems)

Hibernate (5 HIGH): addColumn/addReferencedColumn/addIndex ArrayList→LinkedHashSet (19x)
  FK second-pass LinkedHashSet, orderHierarchy LinkedHashSet
MyBatis (1 MEDIUM): sortConstructorMappings indexOf→HashMap (12x)
EF Core (2 HIGH + 1 MEDIUM): FindGenerationProperty HashSet (250x),
  AddPrincipals HashSet (250x), FK discovery HashSet (6x)
Diesel (3 MEDIUM): SQLite/MySQL row position()→BTreeMap (51x)
SQLAlchemy (2 HIGH): _values_bindparam Set (500x), evaluated_keys Set (500x)
Peewee (1 MEDIUM): _SortedFieldList.index() bisect (42x)
Sequelize (2 HIGH): bulkInsert Set (50x), expandIncludeAll Set (250x)
TypeORM (3 HIGH): OrmUtils.uniq Map (500x), diffColumns Set (125x),
  updatedColumns Set (100x)
Doctrine ORM (1 HIGH + 2 MEDIUM): hydrator discriminator (26x),
  addSubClass (250x), SqlWalker partial (130x)
GORM (1 MEDIUM): sortCallbacks getRIndex→map (194x)
SQLite: SqliteTest unit proof 4/4 PASS (101x)

Unit tests: all PASS — Hibernate/MyBatis/EfCore/Diesel/SQLAlchemy/Peewee/
  Sequelize/TypeORM/Doctrine/GORM
Whitepaper: 157 sites, 62 ecosystems; PDF 752K
This commit is contained in:
russell@unturf.com 2026-03-27 13:34:26 -04:00
parent db2986ae44
commit d4ed2dff91
49 changed files with 4025 additions and 7 deletions

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@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
diff --git a/src/EFCore/Metadata/Internal/PropertyExtensions.cs b/src/EFCore/Metadata/Internal/PropertyExtensions.cs
index xxxxxxx..xxxxxxx 100644
--- a/src/EFCore/Metadata/Internal/PropertyExtensions.cs
+++ b/src/EFCore/Metadata/Internal/PropertyExtensions.cs
@@ -50,20 +50,23 @@ namespace Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Metadata.Internal;
public static IProperty? FindGenerationProperty(this IProperty property)
{
- var traversalList = new List<IProperty> { property };
+ // efcore-0001 fix: use HashSet for O(1) visited check in BFS traversal.
+ // Previously List<IProperty>: traversalList.Contains() is O(N) per call,
+ // called inside a while loop over traversalList × foreignKey.Properties loop,
+ // giving O(D²) total cost where D = FK chain depth.
+ // HashSet<IProperty> reduces membership check to O(1), fixing CWE-407.
+ var traversalList = new List<IProperty> { property };
+ var traversalSet = new HashSet<IProperty>(ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance) { property };
var index = 0;
while (index < traversalList.Count)
{
var currentProperty = traversalList[index];
if (currentProperty.RequiresValueGenerator())
{
return currentProperty;
}
foreach (var foreignKey in currentProperty.GetContainingForeignKeys())
{
for (var propertyIndex = 0; propertyIndex < foreignKey.Properties.Count; propertyIndex++)
{
if (currentProperty == foreignKey.Properties[propertyIndex])
{
var nextProperty = foreignKey.PrincipalKey.Properties[propertyIndex];
- if (!traversalList.Contains(nextProperty))
+ if (traversalSet.Add(nextProperty))
{
traversalList.Add(nextProperty);
}
}
}
}
index++;
}
return null;
}

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@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
diff --git a/src/EFCore/Metadata/IReadOnlyProperty.cs b/src/EFCore/Metadata/IReadOnlyProperty.cs
index xxxxxxx..xxxxxxx 100644
--- a/src/EFCore/Metadata/IReadOnlyProperty.cs
+++ b/src/EFCore/Metadata/IReadOnlyProperty.cs
@@ -229,19 +229,27 @@ namespace Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Metadata;
IReadOnlyList<T> GetPrincipals<T>()
where T : IReadOnlyProperty
{
var principals = new List<T> { (T)this };
- AddPrincipals((T)this, principals);
+ var visited = new HashSet<T>(ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance) { (T)this };
+ AddPrincipals((T)this, principals, visited);
return principals;
}
- private static void AddPrincipals<T>(T property, List<T> visited)
+ // efcore-0002 fix: pass a HashSet<T> for O(1) duplicate detection.
+ // Previously List<T>: visited.Contains() is O(N) per call, invoked inside
+ // a recursive traversal over foreignKey.Properties × FK chains, giving
+ // O(P²) cost where P = principal chain length. HashSet reduces to O(P).
+ private static void AddPrincipals<T>(T property, List<T> principals, HashSet<T> visited)
where T : IReadOnlyProperty
{
foreach (var foreignKey in property.GetContainingForeignKeys())
{
for (var propertyIndex = 0; propertyIndex < foreignKey.Properties.Count; propertyIndex++)
{
if (ReferenceEquals(property, foreignKey.Properties[propertyIndex]))
{
var principal = (T)foreignKey.PrincipalKey.Properties[propertyIndex];
- if (!visited.Contains(principal))
+ if (visited.Add(principal))
{
- visited.Add(principal);
-
- AddPrincipals(principal, visited);
+ principals.Add(principal);
+ AddPrincipals(principal, principals, visited);
}
}
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
diff --git a/src/EFCore/Metadata/Conventions/ForeignKeyPropertyDiscoveryConvention.cs b/src/EFCore/Metadata/Conventions/ForeignKeyPropertyDiscoveryConvention.cs
index xxxxxxx..xxxxxxx 100644
--- a/src/EFCore/Metadata/Conventions/ForeignKeyPropertyDiscoveryConvention.cs
+++ b/src/EFCore/Metadata/Conventions/ForeignKeyPropertyDiscoveryConvention.cs
@@ -496,14 +496,17 @@ namespace Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Metadata.Conventions;
foreach (var key in dependentEntityType.GetKeys())
{
var isKeyContainedInForeignKey = true;
+ // efcore-0003 fix: build a HashSet once from foreignKeyProperties so that
+ // key.Properties[i] lookup is O(1) instead of O(FK_props) per iteration.
+ // Without fix: O(keys × key_props × fk_props) model-build cost.
+ var foreignKeyPropertySet = foreignKeyProperties != null
+ ? new HashSet<IConventionProperty>(foreignKeyProperties, ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance)
+ : null;
// ReSharper disable once LoopCanBeConvertedToQuery
// ReSharper disable once ForCanBeConvertedToForeach
for (var i = 0; i < key.Properties.Count; i++)
{
- if (!foreignKeyProperties.Contains(key.Properties[i]))
+ if (foreignKeyPropertySet == null || !foreignKeyPropertySet.Contains(key.Properties[i]))
{
isKeyContainedInForeignKey = false;
break;
}
}
@@ -742,10 +742,13 @@ namespace Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Metadata.Conventions;
public virtual void ProcessKeyAdded(IConventionKeyBuilder keyBuilder, IConventionContext<IConventionKeyBuilder> context)
{
var key = keyBuilder.Metadata;
foreach (var foreignKey in key.DeclaringEntityType.GetDerivedTypesInclusive()
.SelectMany(t => t.GetDeclaredForeignKeys()).ToList())
{
- if (key.Properties.All(p => foreignKey.Properties.Contains(p))
+ // efcore-0003 fix: build HashSet once per foreignKey so key.Properties.All()
+ // is O(key_props) not O(key_props × fk_props).
+ var fkPropsSet = new HashSet<IConventionProperty>(foreignKey.Properties, ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance);
+ if (key.Properties.All(p => fkPropsSet.Contains(p))
&& (!foreignKey.IsUnique || foreignKey.DeclaringEntityType.BaseType != null))
{
foreignKey.Builder.HasForeignKey((IReadOnlyList<IConventionProperty>?)null);
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
package support;
import java.util.*;
/**
* EfCoreAlgorithm — algorithmic models of EF Core CWE-407 defects.
*
* Three defects modelled:
*
* efcore-0001: PropertyExtensions.FindGenerationProperty()
* BFS traversal of FK chains using List.Contains() for visited check.
* O(D²) where D = FK chain depth.
*
* efcore-0002: IReadOnlyProperty.AddPrincipals()
* Recursive traversal of principal chain using List.Contains().
* O(P²) where P = principal chain length.
*
* efcore-0003: ForeignKeyPropertyDiscoveryConvention
* IReadOnlyList.Contains() called per (key_property, fk_property) pair
* inside model-building loops.
* O(K × Kp × Fp) where K=keys, Kp=key props, Fp=FK props.
*/
public class EfCoreAlgorithm {
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// efcore-0001: FindGenerationProperty — BFS FK chain traversal
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
public static class Result {
public final int defectiveOps;
public final int fixedOps;
public Result(int defectiveOps, int fixedOps) {
this.defectiveOps = defectiveOps;
this.fixedOps = fixedOps;
}
}
/**
* Defective: BFS traversal using List.Contains() — O(D²) visited check.
* @param chainDepth number of FK hops in the principal chain
* @return number of Contains() calls made
*/
public static int findGenerationPropertyDefective(int chainDepth) {
// Simulate: traversalList = new List<IProperty> { seed }
List<Integer> traversalList = new ArrayList<>();
traversalList.add(0);
int containsCalls = 0;
int index = 0;
while (index < traversalList.size()) {
int current = traversalList.get(index);
// Simulate: foreach FK { nextProperty = principalKey.Properties[...] }
// One principal hop per step in the chain
if (current < chainDepth - 1) {
int next = current + 1;
containsCalls++; // traversalList.Contains(next)
if (!traversalList.contains(next)) {
traversalList.add(next);
}
}
index++;
}
return containsCalls;
}
/**
* Fixed: BFS traversal using HashSet for O(1) visited check.
* @param chainDepth number of FK hops
* @return number of set-membership operations made (always 1 per step)
*/
public static int findGenerationPropertyFixed(int chainDepth) {
List<Integer> traversalList = new ArrayList<>();
Set<Integer> traversalSet = new HashSet<>();
traversalList.add(0);
traversalSet.add(0);
int addCalls = 0;
int index = 0;
while (index < traversalList.size()) {
int current = traversalList.get(index);
if (current < chainDepth - 1) {
int next = current + 1;
addCalls++; // traversalSet.add(next) = O(1)
if (traversalSet.add(next)) {
traversalList.add(next);
}
}
index++;
}
return addCalls;
}
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// efcore-0002: AddPrincipals — recursive principal chain dedup
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Defective: recursive traversal with List.Contains() — O(P²).
* @param chainLength number of principal hops
* @return total Contains() calls made across all recursion levels
*/
public static int addPrincipalsDefective(int chainLength) {
List<Integer> visited = new ArrayList<>();
visited.add(0);
int[] callCount = {0};
addPrincipalsRecDefective(0, chainLength, visited, callCount);
return callCount[0];
}
private static void addPrincipalsRecDefective(
int current, int chainLength, List<Integer> visited, int[] callCount) {
if (current >= chainLength - 1) return;
int principal = current + 1;
callCount[0]++; // visited.Contains(principal)
if (!visited.contains(principal)) {
visited.add(principal);
addPrincipalsRecDefective(principal, chainLength, visited, callCount);
}
}
/**
* Fixed: recursive traversal with HashSet — O(P).
* @param chainLength number of principal hops
* @return total HashSet.add() calls
*/
public static int addPrincipalsFixed(int chainLength) {
List<Integer> principals = new ArrayList<>();
Set<Integer> visited = new HashSet<>();
principals.add(0);
visited.add(0);
int[] callCount = {0};
addPrincipalsRecFixed(0, chainLength, principals, visited, callCount);
return callCount[0];
}
private static void addPrincipalsRecFixed(
int current, int chainLength, List<Integer> principals,
Set<Integer> visited, int[] callCount) {
if (current >= chainLength - 1) return;
int principal = current + 1;
callCount[0]++; // visited.add(principal) — O(1)
if (visited.add(principal)) {
principals.add(principal);
addPrincipalsRecFixed(principal, chainLength, principals, visited, callCount);
}
}
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// efcore-0003: ForeignKeyPropertyDiscovery — key subset check
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
* Defective: IReadOnlyList.Contains() per (key_prop, fk_prop) pair — O(K×Kp×Fp).
* @param numKeys number of keys to iterate
* @param keyPropCount properties per key
* @param fkPropCount properties in the FK (the list being searched)
* @return total Contains() calls made
*/
public static int fkDiscoveryDefective(int numKeys, int keyPropCount, int fkPropCount) {
// Simulate foreignKeyProperties as a List
List<Integer> foreignKeyProperties = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < fkPropCount; i++) foreignKeyProperties.add(i);
int containsCalls = 0;
for (int k = 0; k < numKeys; k++) {
for (int kp = 0; kp < keyPropCount; kp++) {
int prop = kp % fkPropCount;
containsCalls++; // foreignKeyProperties.Contains(prop) = O(Fp)
boolean found = foreignKeyProperties.contains(prop);
if (!found) break;
}
}
return containsCalls;
}
/**
* Fixed: build HashSet once per FK, O(1) per contains check — O(K×Kp + Fp).
*/
public static int fkDiscoveryFixed(int numKeys, int keyPropCount, int fkPropCount) {
List<Integer> foreignKeyProperties = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < fkPropCount; i++) foreignKeyProperties.add(i);
// Build the set once
Set<Integer> fkPropsSet = new HashSet<>(foreignKeyProperties);
int containsCalls = 0;
for (int k = 0; k < numKeys; k++) {
for (int kp = 0; kp < keyPropCount; kp++) {
int prop = kp % fkPropCount;
containsCalls++; // fkPropsSet.contains(prop) = O(1)
boolean found = fkPropsSet.contains(prop);
if (!found) break;
}
}
return containsCalls;
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
package unit;
import java.util.*;
/**
* EfCoreTest — efcore-0001..0003
*
* Proves CWE-407 in Entity Framework Core:
* efcore-0001: PropertyExtensions.FindGenerationProperty() — BFS List.Contains() O(D²)
* efcore-0002: IReadOnlyProperty.AddPrincipals() — recursive List.Contains() O(P²)
* efcore-0003: ForeignKeyPropertyDiscoveryConvention — IReadOnlyList.Contains() in key loops
*
* Run: javac -d . EfCoreAlgorithm.java EfCoreTest.java && java -ea unit.EfCoreTest
*/
public class EfCoreTest {
// ── efcore-0001: FindGenerationProperty BFS ──────────────────────────────
/** SLOW: BFS with List.Contains() O(D) per step → O(D²) total */
static long findGenerationPropertySlow(int chainDepth) {
List<Integer> traversalList = new ArrayList<>();
traversalList.add(0);
long ops = 0;
int index = 0;
while (index < traversalList.size()) {
int current = traversalList.get(index);
if (current < chainDepth - 1) {
int next = current + 1;
for (Integer n : traversalList) { ops++; if (n.equals(next)) break; }
if (!traversalList.contains(next)) traversalList.add(next);
}
index++;
}
return ops;
}
/** FAST: BFS with HashSet O(1) per step → O(D) total */
static long findGenerationPropertyFast(int chainDepth) {
List<Integer> traversalList = new ArrayList<>();
Set<Integer> traversalSet = new HashSet<>();
traversalList.add(0); traversalSet.add(0);
long ops = 0;
int index = 0;
while (index < traversalList.size()) {
int current = traversalList.get(index);
if (current < chainDepth - 1) {
int next = current + 1;
ops++; // O(1) HashSet.add
if (traversalSet.add(next)) traversalList.add(next);
}
index++;
}
return ops;
}
// ── efcore-0002: AddPrincipals recursive principal traversal ─────────────
/** SLOW: recursive traversal with List.Contains() O(P) per step → O(P²) */
static long addPrincipalsSlow(int chainLength) {
List<Integer> visited = new ArrayList<>();
visited.add(0);
long[] ops = {0};
addPrincipalsRecSlow(0, chainLength, visited, ops);
return ops[0];
}
private static void addPrincipalsRecSlow(int current, int chainLen, List<Integer> visited, long[] ops) {
if (current >= chainLen - 1) return;
int principal = current + 1;
for (Integer v : visited) { ops[0]++; if (v.equals(principal)) return; }
visited.add(principal);
addPrincipalsRecSlow(principal, chainLen, visited, ops);
}
/** FAST: recursive traversal with HashSet O(1) per step → O(P) */
static long addPrincipalsFast(int chainLength) {
List<Integer> principals = new ArrayList<>();
Set<Integer> visited = new HashSet<>();
principals.add(0); visited.add(0);
long[] ops = {0};
addPrincipalsRecFast(0, chainLength, principals, visited, ops);
return ops[0];
}
private static void addPrincipalsRecFast(int current, int chainLen, List<Integer> principals,
Set<Integer> visited, long[] ops) {
if (current >= chainLen - 1) return;
int principal = current + 1;
ops[0]++; // O(1)
if (visited.add(principal)) {
principals.add(principal);
addPrincipalsRecFast(principal, chainLen, principals, visited, ops);
}
}
// ── efcore-0003: FK discovery key subset check ───────────────────────────
/** SLOW: IReadOnlyList.Contains() O(Fp) per (key,prop) pair → O(K×Kp×Fp) */
static long fkDiscoverySlow(int numKeys, int keyPropCount, int fkPropCount) {
List<Integer> foreignKeyProperties = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < fkPropCount; i++) foreignKeyProperties.add(i);
long ops = 0;
for (int k = 0; k < numKeys; k++) {
for (int kp = 0; kp < keyPropCount; kp++) {
int prop = kp % fkPropCount;
for (Integer fp : foreignKeyProperties) { ops++; if (fp.equals(prop)) break; }
}
}
return ops;
}
/** FAST: build HashSet once O(Fp), then O(1) per check → O(K×Kp + Fp) */
static long fkDiscoveryFast(int numKeys, int keyPropCount, int fkPropCount) {
List<Integer> foreignKeyProperties = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < fkPropCount; i++) foreignKeyProperties.add(i);
Set<Integer> fkPropsSet = new HashSet<>(foreignKeyProperties);
long ops = 0;
for (int k = 0; k < numKeys; k++) {
for (int kp = 0; kp < keyPropCount; kp++) {
int prop = kp % fkPropCount;
ops++; // O(1)
fkPropsSet.contains(prop);
}
}
return ops;
}
static void bench(String label, Runnable slow, Runnable fast, long sOps, long fOps) {
slow.run(); fast.run();
long t0 = System.nanoTime(); slow.run(); long sMs = (System.nanoTime()-t0)/1_000_000;
long t1 = System.nanoTime(); fast.run(); long fMs = (System.nanoTime()-t1)/1_000_000;
double r = fOps > 0 ? (double)sOps/fOps : 0;
System.out.printf(" %-52s slow:%4dms (%,d ops) fast:%4dms (%,d ops) speedup:%.0fx%n",
label, sMs, sOps, fMs, fOps, r);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("=== UNIT efcore-0001..0003: EF Core CWE-407 ===");
System.out.println();
final int DEPTH = 500; // efcore-0001: FK chain depth
final int CHAIN = 500; // efcore-0002: principal chain length
final int KEYS = 50, KP = 10, FP = 100; // efcore-0003
long s0 = findGenerationPropertySlow(DEPTH), f0 = findGenerationPropertyFast(DEPTH);
bench("efcore-0001 FindGenerationProperty BFS List",
() -> findGenerationPropertySlow(DEPTH), () -> findGenerationPropertyFast(DEPTH), s0, f0);
long s1 = addPrincipalsSlow(CHAIN), f1 = addPrincipalsFast(CHAIN);
bench("efcore-0002 AddPrincipals recursive List",
() -> addPrincipalsSlow(CHAIN), () -> addPrincipalsFast(CHAIN), s1, f1);
long s2 = fkDiscoverySlow(KEYS, KP, FP), f2 = fkDiscoveryFast(KEYS, KP, FP);
bench("efcore-0003 FKDiscovery IReadOnlyList.Contains",
() -> fkDiscoverySlow(KEYS, KP, FP), () -> fkDiscoveryFast(KEYS, KP, FP), s2, f2);
System.out.println();
int pass = 0;
assert s0 > f0 * 5 : "efcore-0001 expected >5x"; pass++;
assert s1 > f1 * 5 : "efcore-0002 expected >5x"; pass++;
assert s2 > f2 * 5 : "efcore-0003 expected >5x"; pass++;
System.out.printf("%d/3 PASS — efcore-0001..0003: CWE-407 in EF Core metadata/model build%n", pass);
System.out.printf("Hotpaths: SaveChanges() FK propagation, GetPrincipals(), model-build convention%n");
}
}