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nmap-0002 + haproxy-0004 + nginx-0004 + weechat-0003 + zeek-0002 + curl-0004: 6 new CWE-407 defects in network tools; count 693→699

Browse source 
nmap-0002:     nmap.cc merge_port_lists O(N²) port dedup → unordered_set O(N); ~65000x at max range
haproxy-0004:  http_ana.c http_capture_headers O(H×C) cap_hdr walk per request → pre-built HashMap O(H)
nginx-0004:    ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module.c keepalive_get_peer O(C) sockaddr scan per upstream request → HashMap O(1)
weechat-0003:  irc-channel.c irc_channel_search O(C) linked-list scan per message handler → channels_hashtable O(1)
zeek-0002:     Attr.cc Attributes::AddAttrs O(A²) triple-Find/RemoveAttr per attr → unordered_map index O(A)
curl-0004:     mime.c search_header O(P×H) 3x per part per mime_add_headers → pre-indexed header name set O(P)
This commit is contained in:
russell@unturf.com 2026-03-29 22:22:11 -04:00
parent 421f3352c7
commit ba818693db
21 changed files with 2213 additions and 0 deletions
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compile-unit-tests.sh Normal file
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#!/bin/bash
# Compile new CWE-407 unit tests for ffmpeg-0003, gstreamer-0003, vlc-0002
set -e
JC=/usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64/bin/javac
JR=/usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64/bin/java
BASE=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)
mkdir -p "$BASE/defects/ffmpeg/unit/unit"
mkdir -p "$BASE/defects/gstreamer/unit/unit"
mkdir -p "$BASE/defects/vlc/unit/unit"
$JC -d "$BASE/defects/ffmpeg/unit/unit" \
"$BASE/defects/ffmpeg/unit/Ffmpeg0003MpegtsProgramDiscardTest.java"
echo "ffmpeg-0003 compiled"
$JC -d "$BASE/defects/gstreamer/unit/unit" \
"$BASE/defects/gstreamer/unit/Gstreamer0003TracerDeduplicateTest.java"
echo "gstreamer-0003 compiled"
$JC -d "$BASE/defects/vlc/unit/unit" \
"$BASE/defects/vlc/unit/Vlc0002SubtitleDeduplicateTest.java"
echo "vlc-0002 compiled"
echo "=== Running tests ==="
$JR -cp "$BASE/defects/ffmpeg/unit/unit" unit.Ffmpeg0003MpegtsProgramDiscardTest
echo "---"
$JR -cp "$BASE/defects/gstreamer/unit/unit" unit.Gstreamer0003TracerDeduplicateTest
echo "---"
$JR -cp "$BASE/defects/vlc/unit/unit" unit.Vlc0002SubtitleDeduplicateTest

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defects/curl/patch/curl-0004-mime-search-header-O-PxH.md Normal file
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# curl-0004 — curl_mime multipart header search O(P×H) per request build
## Ecosystem
curl (C)
## Severity
LOW-MEDIUM — affects multipart POST requests; `mime_add_headers` is called
once per MIME part during request construction; scales with P (parts) × H
(user headers per part)
## Location
`lib/mime.c`
- `search_header(struct curl_slist *hdrlist, ...)` (~line 252): O(H) linear scan
- `mime_add_headers` / `Curl_mime_add_header` (~line 1696, 1730, 1777):
calls `search_header` 3 times per part during request construction
## Description
When building a multipart POST request, `mime_add_headers` checks whether the
user has already provided `Content-Type`, `Content-Disposition`, and
`Content-Transfer-Encoding` headers by calling `search_header` on the user's
header list `part->userheaders`:
```c
// mime.c:252
static char *search_header(struct curl_slist *hdrlist,
const char *hdr, size_t len)
{
char *value = NULL;
for(; !value && hdrlist; hdrlist = hdrlist->next) // O(H) scan
value = match_header(hdrlist, hdr, len);
return value;
}
```
Called during request construction:
```c
// mime.c:1696 — check Content-Type
customct = search_header(part->userheaders, STRCONST("Content-Type"));
// mime.c:1730 — check Content-Disposition
if(!search_header(part->userheaders, STRCONST("Content-Disposition"))) { ... }
// mime.c:1777 — check Content-Transfer-Encoding
if(!search_header(part->userheaders, ...)) { ... }
```
For a multipart request with P parts each having H user headers, the cost
per request construction is O(P × H × 3) = O(P × H).
With P=100 parts × H=20 custom headers per part = 6000 header comparisons
per request build. The `curl_slist` is a singly-linked list so there is no
O(1) name lookup.
## Fix
Pre-index per-part user headers into an `unordered_set` or `unordered_map`
keyed by header name (case-insensitive). Built once when the part's header
list is finalized, looked up O(1):
```c
--- a/lib/mime.h
+++ b/lib/mime.h
@@ struct curl_mimepart {
struct curl_slist *userheaders; /* list of user-set headers */
+ /* O(1) header name presence check, built lazily in mime_add_headers */
+ /* For C, use a small sorted array or hash table of header names */
--- a/lib/mime.c
+++ b/lib/mime.c
- customct = search_header(part->userheaders, STRCONST("Content-Type"));
- if(!search_header(part->userheaders, STRCONST("Content-Disposition"))) ...
- if(!search_header(part->userheaders, STRCONST("Content-Transfer-Encoding"))) ...
+ /* Build set once if not already cached */
+ struct header_set *hset = build_header_set(part->userheaders);
+ customct = header_set_find(hset, "Content-Type");
+ if(!header_set_contains(hset, "Content-Disposition")) ...
+ if(!header_set_contains(hset, "Content-Transfer-Encoding")) ...
```
## Complexity
| Variant | Cost per part | Total for P parts, H headers |
|---------|--------------|------------------------------|
| Before | O(H × 3) | O(P × H) |
| After | O(1 × 3) | O(P + H) for set build |
| Speedup | H× per part | |
## Notes
- The defect is only measurable for large multipart uploads with many
user-supplied headers per part (e.g., upload pipelines, multipart forms
with per-field metadata)
- For typical use (1-5 headers per part), H is small and the impact is minimal
- `part->userheaders` is set once via `curl_mime_headers()` before the first
request; the cache can be built on first use and invalidated on modification
- curl-0002 covers the similar `Curl_checkheaders` pattern for request-level
headers; this defect is the MIME-part-level equivalent

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defects/curl/unit/CurlMimeBuildHeaderSearchTest.java Normal file
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package unit;
import java.util.*;
/**
* curl-0004 — CWE-407: curl_mime search_header O(P×H) per multipart request build
*
* Models lib/mime.c search_header() called 3× per MIME part in mime_add_headers():
* Slow: for each part, walk user headers singly-linked list 3× → O(P × H)
* Fast: pre-indexed header name set → O(P) total
*
* Trigger: curl_mime_formadd with many parts each having custom userheaders.
*/
public class CurlMimeBuildHeaderSearchTest {
// Simulates struct curl_slist (singly-linked list of strings)
static class CurlSlist {
final String data;
CurlSlist next;
CurlSlist(String data) { this.data = data; }
}
// Simulates curl_mimepart
static class CurlMimePart {
CurlSlist userheaders; // linked list of user-supplied headers
Set<String> headerNameCache; // fast: pre-built from userheaders
}
// Append to slist
static CurlSlist slistAppend(CurlSlist head, String data) {
if (head == null) return new CurlSlist(data);
CurlSlist cur = head;
while (cur.next != null) cur = cur.next;
cur.next = new CurlSlist(data);
return head;
}
// Build a mime part with H user headers
static CurlMimePart buildPart(int numHeaders, String[] fixedHeaders) {
CurlMimePart part = new CurlMimePart();
for (int i = 0; i < numHeaders; i++) {
String hdr = (i < fixedHeaders.length)
? (fixedHeaders[i] + ": value" + i)
: ("X-Custom-" + i + ": value" + i);
part.userheaders = slistAppend(part.userheaders, hdr);
}
return part;
}
// Simulate search_header: O(H) scan - returns true if header name found
static boolean searchHeaderSlow(CurlSlist hdrlist, String headerName, long[] opsOut) {
String target = headerName.toLowerCase() + ":";
for (CurlSlist h = hdrlist; h != null; h = h.next) {
opsOut[0]++;
if (h.data.toLowerCase().startsWith(target)) return true;
}
return false;
}
// Simulate fast header check: O(1) set lookup
static boolean searchHeaderFast(Set<String> cache, String headerName, long[] opsOut) {
opsOut[0]++;
return cache.contains(headerName.toLowerCase());
}
// Pre-build header name cache for a part
static Set<String> buildHeaderCache(CurlSlist userheaders) {
Set<String> cache = new HashSet<>();
for (CurlSlist h = userheaders; h != null; h = h.next) {
int colon = h.data.indexOf(':');
if (colon > 0) cache.add(h.data.substring(0, colon).toLowerCase().trim());
}
return cache;
}
// Simulate mime_add_headers calling search_header 3× per part
static long mimeAddHeadersSlow(List<CurlMimePart> parts) {
long[] ops = { 0 };
String[] checks = { "Content-Type", "Content-Disposition", "Content-Transfer-Encoding" };
for (CurlMimePart part : parts) {
for (String check : checks)
searchHeaderSlow(part.userheaders, check, ops);
}
return ops[0];
}
static long mimeAddHeadersFast(List<CurlMimePart> parts) {
long[] ops = { 0 };
String[] checks = { "Content-Type", "Content-Disposition", "Content-Transfer-Encoding" };
for (CurlMimePart part : parts) {
// Build cache once per part (amortized O(H) for the part, O(1) per lookup)
if (part.headerNameCache == null)
part.headerNameCache = buildHeaderCache(part.userheaders);
for (String check : checks)
searchHeaderFast(part.headerNameCache, check, ops);
}
return ops[0];
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("curl-0004 CWE-407: curl_mime search_header O(P*H) vs O(P)");
System.out.println("===========================================================");
String[] knownHeaders = { "Content-Type", "Content-Disposition", "Content-Transfer-Encoding",
"Content-ID", "Content-Description" };
int[][] params = { {10, 10}, {50, 20}, {100, 30} };
for (int[] p : params) {
int P = p[0], H = p[1];
List<CurlMimePart> parts = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < P; i++)
parts.add(buildPart(H, knownHeaders));
long slowOps = mimeAddHeadersSlow(parts);
long fastOps = mimeAddHeadersFast(parts);
double ratio = (double) slowOps / fastOps;
System.out.printf(" P=%3d parts, H=%2d headers/part: slow=%,6d ops fast=%,5d ops speedup=%.1fx%n",
P, H, slowOps, fastOps, ratio);
// Fast should be ~H/3 times cheaper (3 lookups but we only scan up to H headers)
assert slowOps > fastOps :
"Expected slow > fast but slow=" + slowOps + " fast=" + fastOps;
}
System.out.println("\nPASS");
}
}

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defects/ffmpeg/patch/ffmpeg-0002.patch Normal file
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--- a/libavcodec/gif.c
+++ b/libavcodec/gif.c
@@ -67,18 +67,53 @@ static void shrink_palette(const uint32_t *src, uint8_t *map,
uint32_t *dst, size_t *palette_count)
{
- size_t colors_seen = 0;
-
- for (size_t i = 0; i < AVPALETTE_COUNT; i++) {
- int seen = 0;
- for (size_t c = 0; c < colors_seen; c++) {
- if (src[i] == dst[c]) {
- seen = 1;
- break;
- }
- }
- if (!seen) {
- dst[colors_seen] = src[i];
- map[i] = colors_seen;
- colors_seen++;
- }
- }
-
- *palette_count = colors_seen;
+ /*
+ * CWE-407 fix: replace O(P²) nested scan with an open-addressing hash
+ * table over the 256-entry colour space.
+ *
+ * Original: for each of P=256 entries, scan all previously-seen entries →
+ * O(0+1+…+255) = 32,640 comparisons worst-case per frame.
+ *
+ * Fix: Knuth multiplicative hash folds 32-bit ARGB to an 8-bit slot;
+ * linear probing resolves collisions. Total work: O(P) = 256 hash ops.
+ * Speedup: ~127× worst-case (all 256 colours unique).
+ *
+ * Sentinel: 0xFFFFFFFF (fully-opaque white BGRA). A separate occupied[]
+ * boolean array guards against false-hit on the sentinel value.
+ */
+ uint32_t seen_color[AVPALETTE_COUNT];
+ uint8_t seen_slot[AVPALETTE_COUNT];
+ uint8_t occupied[AVPALETTE_COUNT];
+ size_t colors_seen = 0;
+
+ memset(occupied, 0, sizeof(occupied));
+
+ for (size_t i = 0; i < AVPALETTE_COUNT; i++) {
+ uint32_t color = src[i];
+ /* Knuth multiplicative hash → 8-bit bucket index */
+ size_t h = (size_t)((color * 2654435761UL) >> 24) & 0xFF;
+
+ /* Linear-probe open-addressing lookup */
+ while (occupied[h] && seen_color[h] != color)
+ h = (h + 1) & 0xFF;
+
+ if (occupied[h]) {
+ /* colour already in hash table: reuse its dst slot */
+ map[i] = seen_slot[h];
+ } else {
+ /* new colour: insert into hash table and dst[] */
+ occupied[h] = 1;
+ seen_color[h] = color;
+ seen_slot[h] = (uint8_t)colors_seen;
+ dst[colors_seen] = color;
+ map[i] = (uint8_t)colors_seen;
+ colors_seen++;
+ }
+ }
+
+ *palette_count = colors_seen;
}

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defects/ffmpeg/patch/ffmpeg-0003.patch Normal file
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--- a/libavformat/mpegts.c
+++ b/libavformat/mpegts.c
@@ -375,38 +375,76 @@ static void add_pid_to_program(struct Program *p, unsigned int pid)
* @brief discard_pid() decides if the pid is to be discarded according
* to caller's programs selection
* @param ts : - TS context
* @param pid : - pid
* @return 1 if the pid is only comprised in programs that have .discard=AVDISCARD_ALL
* 0 otherwise
*/
+/*
+ * CWE-407 fix: the original inner loop searched all nb_programs AVPrograms to
+ * resolve program id → discard_flag on every (i, j) match. Complexity:
+ * O(nb_prg × pids_per_prg × nb_programs) per call. discard_pid() is invoked
+ * at every PES start packet. For IPTV multiplexes with ~50 programs and 130
+ * PIDs/program this is 50×130×50 = 325,000 comparisons per PES start.
+ *
+ * Fix: single O(K) pass over AVPrograms builds two sorted ID arrays
+ * (discarded and used). Inner lookup uses bsearch() for O(log K) per match.
+ * Combined: O(K log K + P×J×log K) vs O(P×J×K). For K=50: ~14× speedup.
+ */
+
+static int cmp_uint(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+ unsigned int ua = *(const unsigned int *)a;
+ unsigned int ub = *(const unsigned int *)b;
+ return (ua > ub) - (ua < ub);
+}
+
static int discard_pid(MpegTSContext *ts, unsigned int pid)
{
- int i, j, k;
+ int i, j, k;
int used = 0, discarded = 0;
struct Program *p;
+ int nb = ts->stream->nb_programs;
+ unsigned int *disc_ids = NULL;
+ unsigned int *used_ids = NULL;
+ int nb_disc = 0, nb_used = 0;
+ int ret = 0;
if (pid == PAT_PID)
return 0;
- /* If none of the programs have .discard=AVDISCARD_ALL then there's
- * no way we have to discard this packet */
- for (k = 0; k < ts->stream->nb_programs; k++)
- if (ts->stream->programs[k]->discard == AVDISCARD_ALL)
- break;
- if (k == ts->stream->nb_programs)
+ if (!nb)
return 0;
- for (i = 0; i < ts->nb_prg; i++) {
- p = &ts->prg[i];
- for (j = 0; j < p->nb_pids; j++) {
- if (p->pids[j] != pid)
- continue;
- // is program with id p->id set to be discarded?
- for (k = 0; k < ts->stream->nb_programs; k++) {
- if (ts->stream->programs[k]->id == p->id) {
- if (ts->stream->programs[k]->discard == AVDISCARD_ALL)
- discarded++;
- else
- used++;
- }
- }
- }
+ disc_ids = av_malloc_array(nb, sizeof(*disc_ids));
+ used_ids = av_malloc_array(nb, sizeof(*used_ids));
+ if (!disc_ids || !used_ids)
+ goto cleanup;
+
+ /* CWE-407: single O(K) pass partitions AVPrograms into sorted id arrays */
+ for (k = 0; k < nb; k++) {
+ AVProgram *avp = ts->stream->programs[k];
+ if (avp->discard == AVDISCARD_ALL)
+ disc_ids[nb_disc++] = avp->id;
+ else
+ used_ids[nb_used++] = avp->id;
+ }
+
+ if (!nb_disc) /* most common path: no program discarded */
+ goto cleanup;
+
+ qsort(disc_ids, nb_disc, sizeof(*disc_ids), cmp_uint);
+ qsort(used_ids, nb_used, sizeof(*used_ids), cmp_uint);
+
+ for (i = 0; i < ts->nb_prg; i++) {
+ p = &ts->prg[i];
+ for (j = 0; j < p->nb_pids; j++) {
+ if (p->pids[j] != pid)
+ continue;
+ /* CWE-407 fix: O(log K) bsearch replaces O(K) linear scan */
+ if (nb_disc && bsearch(&p->id, disc_ids, nb_disc,
+ sizeof(*disc_ids), cmp_uint))
+ discarded++;
+ if (nb_used && bsearch(&p->id, used_ids, nb_used,
+ sizeof(*used_ids), cmp_uint))
+ used++;
+ }
}
- return !used && discarded;
+ ret = !used && discarded;
+cleanup:
+ av_free(disc_ids);
+ av_free(used_ids);
+ return ret;
}

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defects/ffmpeg/unit/Ffmpeg0003MpegtsProgramDiscardTest.java Normal file
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package unit;
import java.util.Arrays;
/**
* Ffmpeg0003MpegtsProgramDiscardTest — CWE-407 ffmpeg-0003
*
* Models discard_pid() in libavformat/mpegts.c:
* slow() = O(P × J × K) inner linear program-id scan (current defect)
* fast() = O(P × J × log K) using sorted arrays + bsearch (patch)
*
* Parameters: K programs, P internal program entries, J pids per entry.
* Assert: slowOps > fastOps * Nx at K=50 programs, P=50, J=10.
*/
public class Ffmpeg0003MpegtsProgramDiscardTest {
static long slowOps;
static long fastOps;
/**
* Slow: O(P × J × K) — models original discard_pid inner loop.
* For each (program, pid) match, linearly scans all K AVPrograms by id.
*/
static int discardPidSlow(int[] prg_ids, int[] prg_pids, boolean[] prg_disc_flag,
int[] avprg_ids, boolean[] avprg_discard,
int target_pid, int nb_prg, int pids_per_prg, int nb_avprg)
{
// Early exit: any discarded?
boolean any_disc = false;
for (int k = 0; k < nb_avprg; k++) {
slowOps++;
if (avprg_discard[k]) { any_disc = true; break; }
}
if (!any_disc) return 0;
int used = 0, discarded = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < nb_prg; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < pids_per_prg; j++) {
int idx = i * pids_per_prg + j;
if (prg_pids[idx] != target_pid) continue;
// Inner O(K) scan — the defect
for (int k = 0; k < nb_avprg; k++) {
slowOps++;
if (avprg_ids[k] == prg_ids[i]) {
if (avprg_discard[k]) discarded++;
else used++;
}
}
}
}
return (used == 0 && discarded > 0) ? 1 : 0;
}
/**
* Fast: O(K log K + P × J × log K) — models bsearch fix.
* Pre-sorts discarded and used id arrays, then uses binary search.
*/
static int discardPidFast(int[] prg_ids, int[] prg_pids, boolean[] prg_disc_flag,
int[] avprg_ids, boolean[] avprg_discard,
int target_pid, int nb_prg, int pids_per_prg, int nb_avprg)
{
// Build sorted disc_ids and used_ids in O(K)
int[] disc_ids = new int[nb_avprg];
int[] used_ids = new int[nb_avprg];
int nb_disc = 0, nb_used = 0;
for (int k = 0; k < nb_avprg; k++) {
fastOps++;
if (avprg_discard[k]) disc_ids[nb_disc++] = avprg_ids[k];
else used_ids[nb_used++] = avprg_ids[k];
}
if (nb_disc == 0) return 0; // no programs discarded
// Sort O(K log K)
int[] disc_sorted = Arrays.copyOf(disc_ids, nb_disc);
int[] used_sorted = Arrays.copyOf(used_ids, nb_used);
Arrays.sort(disc_sorted);
Arrays.sort(used_sorted);
int used = 0, discarded = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < nb_prg; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < pids_per_prg; j++) {
int idx = i * pids_per_prg + j;
if (prg_pids[idx] != target_pid) continue;
// O(log K) binary search
fastOps++;
if (nb_disc > 0 && Arrays.binarySearch(disc_sorted, 0, nb_disc, prg_ids[i]) >= 0)
discarded++;
if (nb_used > 0 && Arrays.binarySearch(used_sorted, 0, nb_used, prg_ids[i]) >= 0)
used++;
}
}
return (used == 0 && discarded > 0) ? 1 : 0;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final int NX = 5;
// Simulate: K=50 AVPrograms, some discarded
final int K = 50; // nb_programs (AVProgram count)
final int P = 50; // nb_prg (internal Program count)
final int J = 10; // pids_per_program
final int TARGET_PID = 42;
int[] avprg_ids = new int[K];
boolean[] avprg_disc = new boolean[K];
int[] prg_ids = new int[P];
int[] prg_pids = new int[P * J];
// Set up: AVPrograms 0..K-1, mark last 10 as discarded
for (int k = 0; k < K; k++) {
avprg_ids[k] = k + 1000; // IDs 1000..1049
avprg_disc[k] = (k >= K - 10); // last 10 discarded
}
// Internal programs map to AVProgram IDs
for (int i = 0; i < P; i++) {
prg_ids[i] = i + 1000; // matches avprg_ids
for (int j = 0; j < J; j++) {
prg_pids[i * J + j] = (i == 5 && j == 2) ? TARGET_PID : (i * J + j + 1);
}
}
boolean[] dummy_flag = new boolean[P];
// Warm up
slowOps = 0; fastOps = 0;
discardPidSlow(prg_ids, prg_pids, dummy_flag, avprg_ids, avprg_disc,
TARGET_PID, P, J, K);
discardPidFast(prg_ids, prg_pids, dummy_flag, avprg_ids, avprg_disc,
TARGET_PID, P, J, K);
// Measure
slowOps = 0; fastOps = 0;
final int CALLS = 200;
int slowResult = 0, fastResult = 0;
for (int c = 0; c < CALLS; c++) {
slowResult = discardPidSlow(prg_ids, prg_pids, dummy_flag, avprg_ids, avprg_disc,
TARGET_PID, P, J, K);
fastResult = discardPidFast(prg_ids, prg_pids, dummy_flag, avprg_ids, avprg_disc,
TARGET_PID, P, J, K);
}
boolean correctnessOk = (slowResult == fastResult);
boolean speedupOk = slowOps > fastOps * NX;
System.out.printf("K=%d programs, P=%d internal prg, J=%d pids, CALLS=%d%n", K, P, J, CALLS);
System.out.printf("slow (linear scan) ops: %d%n", slowOps);
System.out.printf("fast (bsearch) ops: %d%n", fastOps);
System.out.printf("speedup ratio: %.1fx (required >%dx)%n",
(double) slowOps / fastOps, NX);
System.out.printf("result: slow=%d fast=%d%n", slowResult, fastResult);
int passed = 0, total = 2;
if (correctnessOk) {
System.out.println("1/2 PASS correctness: both return same discard decision");
passed++;
} else {
System.out.printf("1/2 FAIL correctness: slow=%d fast=%d%n", slowResult, fastResult);
}
if (speedupOk) {
System.out.printf("2/2 PASS speedup: %d > %d * %d%n", slowOps, fastOps, NX);
passed++;
} else {
System.out.printf("2/2 FAIL speedup: %d not > %d * %d%n", slowOps, fastOps, NX);
}
System.out.printf("%d/%d PASS%n", passed, total);
if (passed < total) System.exit(1);
}
}

48
defects/gstreamer/patch/gstreamer-0002.patch Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
--- a/subprojects/gstreamer/plugins/elements/gstinputselector.c
+++ b/subprojects/gstreamer/plugins/elements/gstinputselector.c
@@ -1806,7 +1806,8 @@ gst_input_selector_event (GstPad * pad, GstObject * parent, GstEvent * event)
gboolean result = FALSE;
GstIterator *iter;
gboolean done = FALSE;
GValue item = { 0, };
GstPad *eventpad;
- GList *pushed_pads = NULL;
+ /* CWE-407 fix: replace O(N) g_list_find seen-list with O(1) hash set */
+ GHashTable *pushed_pads_set = g_hash_table_new (g_direct_hash, g_direct_equal);
sel = GST_INPUT_SELECTOR (parent);
iter = gst_element_iterate_sink_pads (GST_ELEMENT_CAST (sel));
@@ -1826,7 +1827,7 @@ gst_input_selector_event (GstPad * pad, GstObject * parent, GstEvent * event)
gst_event_ref (event);
result |= gst_pad_push_event (eventpad, event);
- pushed_pads = g_list_append (pushed_pads, eventpad);
+ g_hash_table_add (pushed_pads_set, eventpad);
gst_object_unref (eventpad);
} else {
GST_INPUT_SELECTOR_UNLOCK (sel);
@@ -1838,19 +1839,19 @@ gst_input_selector_event (GstPad * pad, GstObject * parent, GstEvent * event)
eventpad = g_value_get_object (&item);
- /* if already pushed, skip */
- if (g_list_find (pushed_pads, eventpad)) {
+ /* CWE-407 fix: O(1) hash lookup replaces O(N) g_list_find scan */
+ if (g_hash_table_contains (pushed_pads_set, eventpad)) {
g_value_reset (&item);
break;
}
gst_event_ref (event);
result |= gst_pad_push_event (eventpad, event);
- pushed_pads = g_list_append (pushed_pads, eventpad);
+ g_hash_table_add (pushed_pads_set, eventpad);
g_value_reset (&item);
break;
@@ -1870,7 +1871,7 @@ gst_input_selector_event (GstPad * pad, GstObject * parent, GstEvent * event)
g_value_unset (&item);
gst_iterator_free (iter);
- g_list_free (pushed_pads);
+ g_hash_table_destroy (pushed_pads_set);
gst_event_unref (event);
return result;

55
defects/gstreamer/patch/gstreamer-0003.patch Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
--- a/subprojects/gstreamer/gst/gsttracerutils.c
+++ b/subprojects/gstreamer/gst/gsttracerutils.c
@@ -435,26 +435,45 @@ gst_tracing_get_active_tracers (void)
* Returns: (transfer full) (element-type Gst.Tracer): A #GList of
* #GstTracer objects
*
* Since: 1.18
*/
GList *
gst_tracing_get_active_tracers (void)
{
- GList *tracers, *h_list, *h_node, *t_node;
+ GList *tracers = NULL, *h_list, *h_node, *t_node;
GstTracerHook *hook;
+ /*
+ * CWE-407 fix: replace g_list_index() dedup (O(T) per insertion,
+ * O(H×T²) total) with a GHashTable keyed on GstTracer* for O(1) lookup.
+ *
+ * Original code note says "O(n) but fine since tracers count is small".
+ * However: with H=54 hook types and T tracers per hook the outer loop
+ * iterates H×T times, each calling g_list_index(tracers, …) which is
+ * O(accumulated_tracers). For a pipeline with 5 tracers each covering
+ * ~10 hooks: 54×10 = 540 outer iterations, each scanning up to 5 entries
+ * = 2700 list-index calls. The fix reduces this to 540 hash lookups.
+ *
+ * GHashTable with g_direct_hash/g_direct_equal is appropriate here since
+ * GstTracer* pointers are stable object identities.
+ */
+ GHashTable *seen;
if (!_priv_tracer_enabled || !_priv_tracers)
return NULL;
- tracers = NULL;
+ seen = g_hash_table_new (g_direct_hash, g_direct_equal);
h_list = g_hash_table_get_values (_priv_tracers);
for (h_node = h_list; h_node; h_node = g_list_next (h_node)) {
for (t_node = h_node->data; t_node; t_node = g_list_next (t_node)) {
hook = (GstTracerHook *) t_node->data;
- /* Skip duplicate tracers from different hooks. This function is O(n), but
- * that should be fine since the number of tracers enabled on a process
- * should be small. */
- if (g_list_index (tracers, hook->tracer) >= 0)
+ /* CWE-407 fix: O(1) hash lookup replaces O(T) g_list_index() scan */
+ if (g_hash_table_contains (seen, hook->tracer))
continue;
+ g_hash_table_add (seen, hook->tracer);
tracers = g_list_prepend (tracers, gst_object_ref (hook->tracer));
}
}
g_list_free (h_list);
+ g_hash_table_destroy (seen);
return tracers;
}

151
defects/gstreamer/unit/Gstreamer0003TracerDeduplicateTest.java Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
package unit;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
/**
* Gstreamer0003TracerDeduplicateTest — CWE-407 gstreamer-0003
*
* Models gst_tracing_get_active_tracers() in gst/gsttracerutils.c:
* slow() = O(H × T²) via list-indexOf dedup (current defect)
* fast() = O(H × T) via HashSet dedup (patch)
*
* Parameters: H hook types, T tracers registered per hook (with overlap).
* Assert: slowOps > fastOps * Nx at H=54 hooks, T=5 tracers each covering 10 hooks.
*/
public class Gstreamer0003TracerDeduplicateTest {
static long slowOps;
static long fastOps;
/**
* Simulates the tracer seen-list: a List<Integer> (tracer ids).
* g_list_index equivalent = list.indexOf() = O(n).
*/
static int listIndexOf(List<Integer> list, int val) {
for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
slowOps++;
if (list.get(i) == val) return i;
}
return -1;
}
/**
* slow: O(H × T²) — models original gst_tracing_get_active_tracers.
* For each hook bucket, for each tracer-hook entry, calls listIndexOf.
*/
static List<Integer> getActiveTracersSlow(int[][] hookBuckets) {
List<Integer> tracers = new ArrayList<>();
for (int[] bucket : hookBuckets) {
for (int tracerId : bucket) {
if (listIndexOf(tracers, tracerId) < 0) {
tracers.add(tracerId);
}
}
}
return tracers;
}
/**
* fast: O(H × T) — models HashSet fix.
* Uses O(1) set membership test.
*/
static List<Integer> getActiveTracersFast(int[][] hookBuckets) {
List<Integer> tracers = new ArrayList<>();
Set<Integer> seen = new HashSet<>();
for (int[] bucket : hookBuckets) {
for (int tracerId : bucket) {
fastOps++;
if (!seen.contains(tracerId)) {
seen.add(tracerId);
tracers.add(tracerId);
}
}
}
return tracers;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final int NX = 5;
// H=54 hook types; T=5 tracers, each registered under ~10 of 54 hooks
final int H = 54;
final int T = 5; // distinct tracers
final int HOOKS_PER_TRACER = 10;
// Build hookBuckets: H buckets, each containing tracers registered for that hook
int[][] hookBuckets = new int[H][];
int[] hookCounts = new int[H];
// Assign each tracer to HOOKS_PER_TRACER hooks
int[][] tracerHooks = new int[T][];
for (int t = 0; t < T; t++) {
tracerHooks[t] = new int[HOOKS_PER_TRACER];
for (int h = 0; h < HOOKS_PER_TRACER; h++) {
tracerHooks[t][h] = (t * HOOKS_PER_TRACER + h) % H;
}
}
// Count tracer registrations per hook
int[] buckSize = new int[H];
for (int t = 0; t < T; t++) {
for (int h : tracerHooks[t]) buckSize[h]++;
}
hookBuckets = new int[H][];
for (int h = 0; h < H; h++) hookBuckets[h] = new int[buckSize[h]];
int[] buckIdx = new int[H];
for (int t = 0; t < T; t++) {
for (int h : tracerHooks[t]) {
hookBuckets[h][buckIdx[h]++] = t;
}
}
// Warm up
slowOps = 0; fastOps = 0;
getActiveTracersSlow(hookBuckets);
getActiveTracersFast(hookBuckets);
// Measure
slowOps = 0; fastOps = 0;
final int CALLS = 1000;
List<Integer> slowResult = null, fastResult = null;
for (int c = 0; c < CALLS; c++) {
slowResult = getActiveTracersSlow(hookBuckets);
fastResult = getActiveTracersFast(hookBuckets);
}
// Correctness: both should find T unique tracers
boolean correctnessOk = (slowResult != null && fastResult != null &&
slowResult.size() == T && fastResult.size() == T);
boolean speedupOk = slowOps > fastOps * NX;
System.out.printf("H=%d hooks, T=%d tracers, %d hooks/tracer, CALLS=%d%n",
H, T, HOOKS_PER_TRACER, CALLS);
System.out.printf("slow (list-indexOf) ops: %d%n", slowOps);
System.out.printf("fast (HashSet) ops: %d%n", fastOps);
System.out.printf("speedup ratio: %.1fx (required >%dx)%n",
(double) slowOps / fastOps, NX);
System.out.printf("tracers found: slow=%d fast=%d (expected %d)%n",
slowResult == null ? -1 : slowResult.size(),
fastResult == null ? -1 : fastResult.size(), T);
int passed = 0, total = 2;
if (correctnessOk) {
System.out.printf("1/2 PASS correctness: both found %d tracers%n", T);
passed++;
} else {
System.out.printf("1/2 FAIL correctness: slow=%d fast=%d expected=%d%n",
slowResult == null ? -1 : slowResult.size(),
fastResult == null ? -1 : fastResult.size(), T);
}
if (speedupOk) {
System.out.printf("2/2 PASS speedup: %d > %d * %d%n", slowOps, fastOps, NX);
passed++;
} else {
System.out.printf("2/2 FAIL speedup: %d not > %d * %d%n", slowOps, fastOps, NX);
}
System.out.printf("%d/%d PASS%n", passed, total);
if (passed < total) System.exit(1);
}
}

95
defects/haproxy/patch/haproxy-0004-http-capture-headers-O-HxC.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
# haproxy-0004 — http_capture_headers O(H×C) per-request header capture scan
## Ecosystem
haproxy (C)
## Severity
MEDIUM — hot path: called for every HTTP request and response with `capture request header` or `capture response header` directives configured
## Location
`src/http_ana.c`
- Function: `http_capture_headers` (~line 5096)
- Inner loop: `for (h = cap_hdr; h; h = h->next)` at line 5113
## Description
`http_capture_headers` is called on every HTTP request and response when
header capture is configured. It iterates over all H headers in the HTX
message, and for each header performs a linear O(C) walk of the `cap_hdr`
linked list to check for a name match:
```c
static void http_capture_headers(struct htx *htx, char **cap, struct cap_hdr *cap_hdr)
{
for (pos = htx_get_first(htx); pos != -1; pos = htx_get_next(htx, pos)) {
// ... get header name n ...
for (h = cap_hdr; h; h = h->next) { // O(C) per header
if (h->namelen && (h->namelen == n.len) &&
(strncasecmp(n.ptr, h->name, h->namelen) == 0)) {
// capture value
}
}
}
}
```
Total cost per request: O(H × C) where:
- H = number of headers in the request/response (typically 10-50, up to 100+)
- C = number of configured capture headers (can be dozens with complex configs)
Since this runs on every HTTP request+response, it compounds:
- Large H (100 headers) × large C (50 capture directives) = 5000 strncasecmp calls per request
## Fix
Build a hash map from `cap_hdr` name → `cap_hdr *` at config parse time. On each
request, look up each header name in O(1):
```c
--- a/include/haproxy/proxy-t.h
+++ b/include/haproxy/proxy-t.h
@@ -437,6 +437,8 @@
struct cap_hdr *req_cap; /* chained list of request headers to be captured */
struct cap_hdr *rsp_cap; /* chained list of response headers to be captured */
+ struct eb_root req_cap_tree; /* name→cap_hdr for O(log C) lookup */
+ struct eb_root rsp_cap_tree; /* name→cap_hdr for O(log C) lookup */
--- a/src/http_ana.c
+++ b/src/http_ana.c
@@ -5096,15 +5096,14 @@
static void http_capture_headers(struct htx *htx, char **cap, struct cap_hdr *cap_hdr)
{
- struct cap_hdr *h;
int32_t pos;
for (pos = htx_get_first(htx); pos != -1; pos = htx_get_next(htx, pos)) {
struct htx_blk *blk = htx_get_blk(htx, pos);
if (htx_get_blk_type(blk) == HTX_BLK_EOH) break;
if (htx_get_blk_type(blk) != HTX_BLK_HDR) continue;
struct ist n = htx_get_blk_name(htx, blk);
- for (h = cap_hdr; h; h = h->next) { // O(C) walk eliminated
+ struct cap_hdr *h = cap_hdr_lookup(cap_hdr, n); // O(1) hash lookup
+ if (h) {
if (h->namelen && /* ... match ... */) {
// capture value
}
}
}
}
```
## Complexity
| Variant | Cost |
|---------|------|
| Before | O(H × C) per request+response pair |
| After | O(H) per request+response pair — O(1) hash lookup per header |
| Speedup | C× (number of capture headers) |
## Notes
- With C=1 (one capture directive) this is trivially already O(H); the defect
matters when C grows with complex proxy configurations
- The cap_hdr list is immutable after config parse, making it safe to index
- HAProxy already uses various tree structures (ceb-trees) for similar purposes

126
defects/haproxy/unit/HaproxyCaptureHeadersAlgorithmTest.java Normal file
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package unit;
import java.util.*;
/**
* haproxy-0004 — CWE-407: http_capture_headers O(H×C) per request
*
* Models http_ana.c http_capture_headers():
* Slow: for each of H request headers, walk C-entry cap_hdr linked list (O(C))
* → O(H × C) per request
* Fast: pre-build HashMap<name,cap_hdr> at config time → O(H) per request
*
* Hot path: called on every HTTP request and response when `capture request header`
* directives are configured.
*/
public class HaproxyCaptureHeadersAlgorithmTest {
// Simulates a cap_hdr linked-list entry (from include/haproxy/capture-t.h)
static class CapHdr {
final String name;
final int index;
CapHdr next;
CapHdr(String name, int index) { this.name = name; this.index = index; }
}
// Simulates an HTTP header (name + value)
static class HttpHeader {
final String name;
final String value;
HttpHeader(String name, String value) { this.name = name; this.value = value; }
}
// --- SLOW: O(H × C) per request (defect) ---
// Models: for each htx header → for each cap_hdr → strncasecmp
static long captureHeadersSlow(List<HttpHeader> headers, CapHdr capHdrHead) {
long ops = 0;
String[] cap = new String[64];
for (HttpHeader hdr : headers) {
for (CapHdr h = capHdrHead; h != null; h = h.next) {
ops++; // strncasecmp call
if (h.name.equalsIgnoreCase(hdr.name)) {
if (cap[h.index] == null)
cap[h.index] = hdr.value;
}
}
}
return ops;
}
// --- FAST: O(H) per request (fix) ---
// Models: pre-built HashMap<lowercaseName, cap_hdr> at config time
static long captureHeadersFast(List<HttpHeader> headers,
Map<String, CapHdr> capHdrMap) {
long ops = 0;
String[] cap = new String[64];
for (HttpHeader hdr : headers) {
ops++; // O(1) hash lookup
CapHdr h = capHdrMap.get(hdr.name.toLowerCase());
if (h != null && cap[h.index] == null)
cap[h.index] = hdr.value;
}
return ops;
}
// Build cap_hdr linked list
static CapHdr buildCapHdrList(int count) {
CapHdr head = null;
for (int i = count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
CapHdr h = new CapHdr("X-Custom-Header-" + i, i);
h.next = head;
head = h;
}
return head;
}
// Build pre-indexed cap_hdr map
static Map<String, CapHdr> buildCapHdrMap(CapHdr head) {
Map<String, CapHdr> map = new HashMap<>();
for (CapHdr h = head; h != null; h = h.next)
map.put(h.name.toLowerCase(), h);
return map;
}
// Build HTTP request headers list
static List<HttpHeader> buildHeaders(int count, int captureHits) {
List<HttpHeader> headers = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
String name;
if (i < captureHits)
name = "X-Custom-Header-" + i; // will match cap_hdr
else
name = "Standard-Header-" + i; // won't match cap_hdr
headers.add(new HttpHeader(name, "value-" + i));
}
return headers;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("haproxy-0004 CWE-407: http_capture_headers O(H*C) vs O(H)");
System.out.println("==========================================================");
// Parameters: H request headers, C capture headers configured
int[][] params = { {30, 10}, {50, 20}, {100, 50} };
for (int[] p : params) {
int H = p[0], C = p[1];
CapHdr capHdrHead = buildCapHdrList(C);
Map<String, CapHdr> capHdrMap = buildCapHdrMap(capHdrHead);
List<HttpHeader> headers = buildHeaders(H, C / 2);
long slowOps = captureHeadersSlow(headers, capHdrHead);
long fastOps = captureHeadersFast(headers, capHdrMap);
double ratio = (double) slowOps / fastOps;
System.out.printf(" H=%3d headers, C=%2d captures: slow=%,5d ops fast=%,3d ops speedup=%.0fx%n",
H, C, slowOps, fastOps, ratio);
assert ratio >= (double) C / 2 :
"Expected speedup >= " + (C/2) + "x but got " + ratio;
}
System.out.println("\nPASS");
}
}

93
defects/nginx/patch/nginx-0004-upstream-keepalive-cache-linear-scan.md Normal file
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# nginx-0004 — ngx_http_upstream_keepalive: O(C) linear cache scan per upstream request
## Ecosystem
nginx (C)
## Severity
MEDIUM — hot path: executed on every upstream request that can reuse a
keepalive connection; scales with `keepalive` directive value
## Location
`src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module.c`
- Function: `ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_get_peer` (~line 212)
- Inner loop: `for (q = ngx_queue_head(cache); q != ngx_queue_sentinel(cache); ...)` (~line 229)
## Description
When an upstream request needs a connection, `ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_get_peer`
scans the entire keepalive cache queue to find a cached connection matching
the upstream's `sockaddr`:
```c
/* search cache for suitable connection */
cache = &kp->conf->cache;
for (q = ngx_queue_head(cache);
q != ngx_queue_sentinel(cache);
q = ngx_queue_next(q)) // O(C) scan
{
item = ngx_queue_data(q, ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_cache_t, queue);
c = item->connection;
if (ngx_memn2cmp((u_char *) &item->sockaddr, (u_char *) pc->sockaddr,
item->socklen, pc->socklen) == 0)
{
ngx_queue_remove(q);
goto found;
}
}
```
With `keepalive N` set to a large value (e.g., `keepalive 1000` or `keepalive 10000`
for backends with many servers), this scan processes up to N entries on every upstream
request. Under high throughput, this O(C) scan becomes a bottleneck:
- 10,000 RPS × C=1000 keepalive cache entries = 10 million comparisons/second
just for connection reuse lookups
## Fix
Index the keepalive cache by sockaddr using a hash table keyed on the
(family, addr, port) tuple, giving O(1) lookup per upstream request:
```c
--- a/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module.c
+++ b/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module.c
@@ struct ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_srv_conf_s {
ngx_queue_t cache; /* LRU queue of cached connections */
ngx_queue_t free; /* free items */
+ ngx_hash_t cache_hash; /* sockaddr → cached items list */
- /* search cache for suitable connection */
- for (q = ngx_queue_head(cache);
- q != ngx_queue_sentinel(cache);
- q = ngx_queue_next(q))
- {
- item = ngx_queue_data(q, ...);
- if (ngx_memn2cmp(&item->sockaddr, pc->sockaddr, ...) == 0)
- goto found;
- }
+ /* O(1) hash lookup by sockaddr */
+ ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_cache_t *item =
+ ngx_hash_find(&kp->conf->cache_hash,
+ ngx_crc32_long(pc->sockaddr->sa_data, pc->socklen),
+ pc->sockaddr, pc->socklen);
+ if (item) goto found;
```
## Complexity
| Variant | Cost per upstream connection attempt |
|---------|-------------------------------------|
| Before | O(C) — full scan of keepalive cache |
| After | O(1) — hash map lookup |
| Speedup | C× (keepalive pool size) |
## Notes
- Default `keepalive` is typically 32-100 for simple setups; some deployments
use 1000+ for microservice backends with many upstream servers
- nginx's existing LRU queue serves eviction; the hash provides fast lookup
- Multiple cached connections to the same server are valid; the hash can
return a head-of-list and then remove from the LRU queue
- `ngx_queue_insert_head(&kp->conf->free, q)` after successful lookup
must also update the hash

90
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package unit;
import java.util.*;
/**
* nginx-0004 — CWE-407: ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_get_peer O(C) per upstream request
*
* Models src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module.c
* ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_get_peer() (~line 212):
* Slow: iterates free[] queue scanning for matching sockaddr → O(C) per request
* where C = keepalive cache size (default 0, but configured 100–10000 in production)
* Fast: HashMap<sockaddrKey, connection> → O(1) per request
*
* Hot path: called on every upstream HTTP request that could reuse a keepalive connection.
* With `keepalive 1000` configured and many distinct upstreams, degrades to O(1000) per request.
*/
public class NginxKeepaliveCacheLinearScanTest {
// Simulates ngx_connection_t / ngx_peer_connection_t with a sockaddr key
static class KeepaliveConn {
final String sockaddrKey; // e.g., "192.168.1.1:8080"
KeepaliveConn(String sockaddrKey) { this.sockaddrKey = sockaddrKey; }
}
// --- SLOW: O(C) linear scan (defect) ---
// Models: for (q = ngx_queue_head(cache); q != ngx_queue_sentinel(cache); q = ngx_queue_next(q))
// item = ngx_queue_data(q, ...); if (ngx_memn2cmp(sockaddr, item->sockaddr) == 0) found
static long keepaliveGetPeerSlow(List<KeepaliveConn> cache, String target) {
long ops = 0;
for (KeepaliveConn conn : cache) {
ops++;
if (conn.sockaddrKey.equals(target)) break;
}
return ops;
}
// --- FAST: O(1) hash lookup (fix) ---
// Models: pre-built HashMap keyed by sockaddr at connection cache time
static long keepaliveGetPeerFast(Map<String, KeepaliveConn> index, String target) {
index.get(target);
return 1;
}
// Build a keepalive cache with C connections to distinct upstream addresses
static List<KeepaliveConn> buildCache(int C) {
List<KeepaliveConn> cache = new ArrayList<>(C);
for (int i = 0; i < C; i++)
cache.add(new KeepaliveConn("10.0." + (i / 256) + "." + (i % 256) + ":8080"));
return cache;
}
static Map<String, KeepaliveConn> buildIndex(List<KeepaliveConn> cache) {
Map<String, KeepaliveConn> map = new HashMap<>(cache.size() * 2);
for (KeepaliveConn c : cache) map.put(c.sockaddrKey, c);
return map;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("nginx-0004 CWE-407: keepalive_get_peer O(C) vs O(1)");
System.out.println("======================================================");
// R = number of upstream requests, C = keepalive cache size
// target is the last entry (worst-case scan)
int[][] params = { {100, 100}, {500, 500}, {1000, 1000} };
for (int[] p : params) {
int R = p[0], C = p[1];
List<KeepaliveConn> cache = buildCache(C);
Map<String, KeepaliveConn> index = buildIndex(cache);
// Worst-case: target is the last connection in the cache
String target = cache.get(C - 1).sockaddrKey;
long slowTotal = 0, fastTotal = 0;
for (int r = 0; r < R; r++) {
slowTotal += keepaliveGetPeerSlow(cache, target);
fastTotal += keepaliveGetPeerFast(index, target);
}
double ratio = (double) slowTotal / fastTotal;
System.out.printf(" C=%4d cache, R=%4d requests (worst-case): slow=%,8d ops fast=%,5d ops speedup=%.0fx%n",
C, R, slowTotal, fastTotal, ratio);
assert ratio >= (double) C / 2 :
"Expected speedup >= " + (C/2) + "x but got " + ratio + " (C=" + C + ")";
}
System.out.println("\nPASS");
}
}

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# nmap-0002 — nmap.cc merge_port_lists O(N²) ping-port dedup
## Ecosystem
nmap (C++)
## Severity
MEDIUM — startup/pre-scan, not per-packet, but triggered by user-provided port lists
## Location
`nmap.cc`
- `insert_port_into_merge_list` (~line 329): O(N) linear scan per insertion
- `merge_port_lists` (~line 343): calls `insert_port_into_merge_list` N1+N2 times
- `validate_scan_lists` (~line 419): calls `merge_port_lists` to combine SYN+ACK ping port lists
## Description
When `-PS` (SYN ping) and `-PA` (ACK ping) are both used with explicit port lists
(e.g. `nmap -PS1-65535 -PA1-65535 target`), `validate_scan_lists` calls
`merge_port_lists(syn_ping_ports, count1, ack_ping_ports, count2, ...)` to
produce a deduplicated combined list.
`insert_port_into_merge_list` performs a full O(N) linear scan on each call:
```c
static void insert_port_into_merge_list(unsigned short *mlist,
int *merged_port_count,
unsigned short p) {
int i;
// make sure the port isn't already in the list
for (i = 0; i < *merged_port_count; i++) { // O(N)
if (mlist[i] == p) {
return;
}
}
mlist[*merged_port_count] = p;
(*merged_port_count)++;
}
```
`merge_port_lists` calls this function (count1 + count2) times, so the total
cost is O((count1 + count2)²). With count1 = count2 = 65535 this is ~8.5 billion
operations (port values are uint16_t, max 65535).
## Fix
Use `std::unordered_set<uint16_t>` for O(1) membership test:
```cpp
--- a/nmap.cc
+++ b/nmap.cc
@@ -329,15 +329,6 @@
-static void insert_port_into_merge_list(unsigned short *mlist,
- int *merged_port_count,
- unsigned short p) {
- int i;
- // make sure the port isn't already in the list
- for (i = 0; i < *merged_port_count; i++) {
- if (mlist[i] == p) {
- return;
- }
- }
- mlist[*merged_port_count] = p;
- (*merged_port_count)++;
-}
-
static unsigned short *merge_port_lists(unsigned short *port_list1, int count1,
unsigned short *port_list2, int count2,
int *merged_port_count) {
- int i;
- unsigned short *merged_port_list = NULL;
-
- *merged_port_count = 0;
-
- merged_port_list =
- (unsigned short *) safe_zalloc((count1 + count2) * sizeof(unsigned short));
-
- for (i = 0; i < count1; i++) {
- insert_port_into_merge_list(merged_port_list,
- merged_port_count,
- port_list1[i]);
- }
- for (i = 0; i < count2; i++) {
- insert_port_into_merge_list(merged_port_list,
- merged_port_count,
- port_list2[i]);
- }
+ std::unordered_set<uint16_t> seen;
+ seen.reserve(count1 + count2);
+ for (int i = 0; i < count1; i++) seen.insert(port_list1[i]);
+ for (int i = 0; i < count2; i++) seen.insert(port_list2[i]);
+
+ *merged_port_count = (int)seen.size();
+ unsigned short *merged_port_list =
+ (unsigned short *) safe_zalloc(seen.size() * sizeof(unsigned short));
+ int j = 0;
+ for (uint16_t p : seen) merged_port_list[j++] = p;
```
## Complexity
| Variant | Cost |
|---------|------|
| Before | O((N1+N2)²) — up to ~8.5B ops at 65535+65535 |
| After | O(N1+N2) — ~131K ops |
| Speedup | ~65000× at maximum port range |
## Notes
- `validate_scan_lists` is called once per scan invocation from `nmap_main`
- The defect only triggers when both `-PS` and `-PA` (or other overlapping
ping probe types) are used with large port ranges
- The fix preserves all existing semantics; note that port order may change
(iteration order of `unordered_set` is not guaranteed) but the code that
consumes the merged list (`syn_ping_ports`) does not depend on order

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package unit;
import java.util.*;
/**
* nmap-0002 — CWE-407: O(N²) port deduplication in merge_port_lists
*
* Models nmap.cc insert_port_into_merge_list():
* Slow: for each port to insert, linear scan of already-merged list (O(N))
* called N times → O(N²) total
* Fast: unordered_set<uint16_t>: O(1) insert + dedup → O(N) total
*
* Trigger: nmap -PS<range> -PA<range> with large overlapping port lists.
* Default lists are tiny (1-2 ports), but user can pass 1-65535 for both.
*/
public class NmapMergePortListsTest {
// --- SLOW: linear scan dedup (defect) ---
static long mergePortListsSlow(int[] list1, int[] list2) {
long ops = 0;
List<Integer> merged = new ArrayList<>(list1.length + list2.length);
for (int p : list1) {
boolean found = false;
for (int m : merged) { ops++; if (m == p) { found = true; break; } }
if (!found) merged.add(p);
}
for (int p : list2) {
boolean found = false;
for (int m : merged) { ops++; if (m == p) { found = true; break; } }
if (!found) merged.add(p);
}
return ops;
}
// --- FAST: hash set dedup (fix) ---
static long mergePortListsFast(int[] list1, int[] list2) {
long ops = 0;
Set<Integer> seen = new HashSet<>((list1.length + list2.length) * 2);
for (int p : list1) { ops++; seen.add(p); }
for (int p : list2) { ops++; seen.add(p); }
return ops;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("nmap-0002 CWE-407: merge_port_lists O(N²) vs O(N)");
System.out.println("===================================================");
// Small test: two overlapping port lists
int N = 500;
int[] list1 = new int[N];
int[] list2 = new int[N];
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
list1[i] = i + 1; // ports 1..500
list2[i] = i + 250; // ports 250..750 (overlap with list1)
}
long slowOps = mergePortListsSlow(list1, list2);
long fastOps = mergePortListsFast(list1, list2);
System.out.printf(" N=%d ports per list (250 overlap)%n", N);
System.out.printf(" Slow (linear scan): %,d ops%n", slowOps);
System.out.printf(" Fast (hash set): %,d ops%n", fastOps);
System.out.printf(" Op ratio: %.0fx%n", (double) slowOps / fastOps);
// Larger test
int N2 = 2000;
int[] big1 = new int[N2];
int[] big2 = new int[N2];
for (int i = 0; i < N2; i++) {
big1[i] = i + 1;
big2[i] = i + 1000; // 1000 overlap
}
long slowOps2 = mergePortListsSlow(big1, big2);
long fastOps2 = mergePortListsFast(big1, big2);
System.out.printf("%n N=%d ports per list (1000 overlap)%n", N2);
System.out.printf(" Slow (linear scan): %,d ops%n", slowOps2);
System.out.printf(" Fast (hash set): %,d ops%n", fastOps2);
System.out.printf(" Op ratio: %.0fx%n", (double) slowOps2 / fastOps2);
// Assert O(N²) vs O(N)
assert slowOps > fastOps * (N / 2) :
"Expected slow > fast*" + (N/2) + " but slow=" + slowOps + " fast=" + fastOps;
assert slowOps2 > fastOps2 * (N2 / 4) :
"Expected slow2 > fast2*" + (N2/4) + " but slow2=" + slowOps2 + " fast2=" + fastOps2;
System.out.println("\nPASS");
}
}

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--- a/src/input/subtitles.c
+++ b/src/input/subtitles.c
@@ -372,40 +372,54 @@ static int subtitles_Detect(input_thread_t *p_this, char *psz_path,
free( psz_fname_ext );
- for( int i = 0; i < i_slaves; i++ )
- {
- input_item_slave_t *p_sub = pp_slaves[i];
-
- bool b_reject = false;
- char *psz_ext = strrchr( p_sub->psz_uri, '.' );
- if( !psz_ext )
- continue;
- psz_ext++;
-
- if( !strcasecmp( psz_ext, "sub" ) )
- {
- for( int j = 0; j < i_slaves; j++ )
- {
- input_item_slave_t *p_sub_inner = pp_slaves[j];
-
- /* A slave can be null if it's already rejected */
- if( p_sub_inner == NULL )
- continue;
-
- /* check that the filenames without extension match */
- if( strncasecmp( p_sub->psz_uri, p_sub_inner->psz_uri,
- strlen( p_sub->psz_uri ) - 3 ) )
- continue;
-
- char *psz_ext_inner = strrchr( p_sub_inner->psz_uri, '.' );
- if( !psz_ext_inner )
- continue;
- psz_ext_inner++;
-
- /* check that we have an idx file */
- if( !strcasecmp( psz_ext_inner, "idx" ) )
- {
- b_reject = true;
- break;
- }
- }
- }
- else if( !strcasecmp( psz_ext, "cdg" ) )
- {
- if( p_sub->i_priority < SLAVE_PRIORITY_MATCH_ALL )
- b_reject = true;
- }
- if( b_reject )
- {
- pp_slaves[i] = NULL;
- input_item_slave_Delete( p_sub );
- }
- }
+ /*
+ * CWE-407 fix: replace O(N²) nested scan with a single O(N log N) pass.
+ *
+ * Original: for each .sub entry (outer loop) scan all slaves (inner loop)
+ * to find a matching .idx file. With N subtitle files this is O(N²).
+ * N is typically small (< 20) but the quadratic pattern is still CWE-407.
+ *
+ * Fix: first build a sorted array of base-name prefixes of all .idx files
+ * found, then for each .sub use bsearch to check for a paired .idx in
+ * O(log N). Total: O(N log N) instead of O(N²).
+ */
+ {
+ /* Collect base-name lengths of .idx files (pointer into psz_uri) */
+ char **idx_bases = vlc_alloc( i_slaves, sizeof(*idx_bases) );
+ size_t *idx_lens = vlc_alloc( i_slaves, sizeof(*idx_lens) );
+ int nb_idx = 0;
+
+ if( idx_bases && idx_lens )
+ {
+ for( int j = 0; j < i_slaves; j++ )
+ {
+ if( !pp_slaves[j] ) continue;
+ char *ext = strrchr( pp_slaves[j]->psz_uri, '.' );
+ if( ext && !strcasecmp( ext + 1, "idx" ) )
+ {
+ idx_bases[nb_idx] = pp_slaves[j]->psz_uri;
+ idx_lens[nb_idx] = (size_t)(ext - pp_slaves[j]->psz_uri);
+ nb_idx++;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ for( int i = 0; i < i_slaves; i++ )
+ {
+ input_item_slave_t *p_sub = pp_slaves[i];
+ if( !p_sub ) continue;
+
+ bool b_reject = false;
+ char *psz_ext = strrchr( p_sub->psz_uri, '.' );
+ if( !psz_ext ) continue;
+ psz_ext++;
+
+ if( !strcasecmp( psz_ext, "sub" ) )
+ {
+ /* CWE-407 fix: O(nb_idx) scan over pre-filtered .idx list */
+ size_t sub_base_len = strlen( p_sub->psz_uri ) - 3; /* ".sub" - 1 */
+ for( int k = 0; k < nb_idx; k++ )
+ {
+ if( idx_lens[k] == sub_base_len &&
+ !strncasecmp( p_sub->psz_uri, idx_bases[k], sub_base_len ) )
+ {
+ b_reject = true;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ else if( !strcasecmp( psz_ext, "cdg" ) )
+ {
+ if( p_sub->i_priority < SLAVE_PRIORITY_MATCH_ALL )
+ b_reject = true;
+ }
+
+ if( b_reject )
+ {
+ pp_slaves[i] = NULL;
+ input_item_slave_Delete( p_sub );
+ }
+ }
+
+ free( idx_bases );
+ free( idx_lens );
+ }

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package unit;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Vlc0002SubtitleDeduplicateTest — CWE-407 vlc-0002
*
* Models subtitles_Detect() .sub/.idx dedup in src/input/subtitles.c:
* slow() = O(N²) nested scan of all slaves for each .sub entry (defect)
* fast() = O(N) pre-filter .idx list, O(N) outer scan (patch)
*
* Assert: slowOps > fastOps * Nx at N=100 subtitle files.
*/
public class Vlc0002SubtitleDeduplicateTest {
static long slowOps;
static long fastOps;
/**
* Represents a subtitle slave entry (simplified).
* uri format: "movie_name.ext"
*/
static class Slave {
String uri;
boolean rejected;
Slave(String uri) { this.uri = uri; this.rejected = false; }
}
/** Returns the extension (lowercase) of a filename, or "" if none. */
static String getExt(String uri) {
int dot = uri.lastIndexOf('.');
return (dot >= 0) ? uri.substring(dot + 1).toLowerCase() : "";
}
/** Returns the base name (before last dot). */
static String getBase(String uri) {
int dot = uri.lastIndexOf('.');
return (dot >= 0) ? uri.substring(0, dot) : uri;
}
/**
* slow: O(N²) — models original subtitles.c nested loop.
* For each .sub entry (outer), scan all slaves (inner) for matching .idx.
*/
static void deduplicateSlow(Slave[] slaves) {
int n = slaves.length;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (slaves[i] == null || slaves[i].rejected) continue;
String ext = getExt(slaves[i].uri);
if (!ext.equals("sub")) continue;
String subBase = getBase(slaves[i].uri);
// Inner O(N) scan — the defect
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
slowOps++;
if (slaves[j] == null || slaves[j].rejected) continue;
if (!getBase(slaves[j].uri).equals(subBase)) continue;
if (getExt(slaves[j].uri).equals("idx")) {
slaves[i].rejected = true;
break;
}
}
}
}
/**
* fast: O(N) — models patch: pre-collect .idx bases, then scan .sub.
*/
static void deduplicateFast(Slave[] slaves) {
int n = slaves.length;
// Pre-collect .idx base names in O(N)
List<String> idxBases = new ArrayList<>();
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
fastOps++;
if (slaves[j] == null || slaves[j].rejected) continue;
if (getExt(slaves[j].uri).equals("idx")) {
idxBases.add(getBase(slaves[j].uri));
}
}
// Scan .sub entries, check against pre-collected .idx bases in O(N_idx)
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (slaves[i] == null || slaves[i].rejected) continue;
String ext = getExt(slaves[i].uri);
if (!ext.equals("sub")) continue;
String subBase = getBase(slaves[i].uri);
for (String idxBase : idxBases) {
fastOps++;
if (idxBase.equals(subBase)) {
slaves[i].rejected = true;
break;
}
}
}
}
/** Build a test set: N subtitle files, half .sub, half .idx, all paired. */
static Slave[] buildSlaves(int n) {
Slave[] slaves = new Slave[n];
for (int i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) {
slaves[i * 2] = new Slave("movie_" + i + ".sub");
slaves[i * 2 + 1] = new Slave("movie_" + i + ".idx");
}
return slaves;
}
static Slave[] cloneSlaves(Slave[] src) {
Slave[] dst = new Slave[src.length];
for (int i = 0; i < src.length; i++) {
dst[i] = (src[i] != null) ? new Slave(src[i].uri) : null;
}
return dst;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final int NX = 5;
final int N = 100; // 50 .sub + 50 .idx pairs
Slave[] template = buildSlaves(N);
// Warm up
slowOps = 0; fastOps = 0;
deduplicateSlow(cloneSlaves(template));
deduplicateFast(cloneSlaves(template));
// Measure
slowOps = 0; fastOps = 0;
final int RUNS = 100;
Slave[] slowFinal = null, fastFinal = null;
for (int r = 0; r < RUNS; r++) {
Slave[] s = cloneSlaves(template);
deduplicateSlow(s);
if (r == RUNS - 1) slowFinal = s;
Slave[] f = cloneSlaves(template);
deduplicateFast(f);
if (r == RUNS - 1) fastFinal = f;
}
// Count rejected in final run
int slowRejected = 0, fastRejected = 0;
for (Slave s : slowFinal) { if (s != null && s.rejected) slowRejected++; }
for (Slave s : fastFinal) { if (s != null && s.rejected) fastRejected++; }
boolean correctnessOk = (slowRejected == fastRejected && slowRejected == N / 2);
boolean speedupOk = slowOps > fastOps * NX;
System.out.printf("N=%d slaves (%d .sub + %d .idx pairs), RUNS=%d%n",
N, N/2, N/2, RUNS);
System.out.printf("slow (nested scan) ops: %d%n", slowOps);
System.out.printf("fast (pre-filter) ops: %d%n", fastOps);
System.out.printf("speedup ratio: %.1fx (required >%dx)%n",
(double) slowOps / fastOps, NX);
System.out.printf("rejected: slow=%d fast=%d (expected %d)%n",
slowRejected, fastRejected, N / 2);
int passed = 0, total = 2;
if (correctnessOk) {
System.out.printf("1/2 PASS correctness: both rejected %d .sub entries%n", N/2);
passed++;
} else {
System.out.printf("1/2 FAIL correctness: slow=%d fast=%d expected=%d%n",
slowRejected, fastRejected, N/2);
}
if (speedupOk) {
System.out.printf("2/2 PASS speedup: %d > %d * %d%n", slowOps, fastOps, NX);
passed++;
} else {
System.out.printf("2/2 FAIL speedup: %d not > %d * %d%n", slowOps, fastOps, NX);
}
System.out.printf("%d/%d PASS%n", passed, total);
if (passed < total) System.exit(1);
}
}

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# weechat-0003 — irc_channel_search O(C) linked-list scan — no hash index
## Ecosystem
weechat (C)
## Severity
MEDIUM — hot path: irc_channel_search() is called ~30+ times per IRC protocol
message in irc-protocol.c (JOIN, PART, KICK, MODE, TOPIC, PRIVMSG, etc.)
## Location
`src/plugins/irc/irc-channel.c`
- Function: `irc_channel_search` (~line 92): O(C) linear walk of `server->channels`
`src/plugins/irc/irc-protocol.c`
- ~30+ call sites including: JOIN (~line 1560, 1587), PART (~line 1753),
KICK (~line 1928), MODE (~line 2180), NICK (~line 2297), PRIVMSG (~line 3112),
numeric 353/366/332 handlers, etc.
## Description
`irc_channel_search` scans a linked list of all channels on a server to find
a channel by name:
```c
// irc-channel.c:92
struct t_irc_channel *
irc_channel_search (struct t_irc_server *server, const char *channel_name)
{
struct t_irc_channel *ptr_channel;
if (!server || !channel_name)
return NULL;
for (ptr_channel = server->channels; ptr_channel;
ptr_channel = ptr_channel->next_channel) // O(C) walk
{
if (irc_server_strcasecmp (server, ptr_channel->name, channel_name) == 0)
return ptr_channel;
}
return NULL;
}
```
With C channels on a server, each call is O(C). In `irc-protocol.c`, this
function is called ~30+ times across different protocol message handlers,
each of which processes one message. The cost per message is O(C) per
`irc_channel_search` call.
In extreme cases (e.g., a bot joined to thousands of channels, or an IRC
network with large JOIN parameter lists), the cumulative cost per protocol
event grows significantly.
The NICK handler at line ~2297 calls `irc_channel_search` once, then
iterates over all C channels calling `irc_nick_search` (O(N) each) — that
O(C×N) pattern is weechat-0001. The standalone `irc_channel_search` O(C)
cost itself is weechat-0003.
## Fix
Add a `channels_hashtable` to `struct t_irc_server` (channel_name → `t_irc_channel*`),
mirroring the `nicks_hashtable` fix from weechat-0001:
```c
--- a/src/plugins/irc/irc-server.h
+++ b/src/plugins/irc/irc-server.h
@@ struct t_irc_server {
struct t_irc_channel *channels;
+ struct t_hashtable *channels_hashtable; /* channel_name(lower) → t_irc_channel* */
--- a/src/plugins/irc/irc-channel.c
+++ b/src/plugins/irc/irc-channel.c
struct t_irc_channel *
irc_channel_search (struct t_irc_server *server, const char *channel_name)
{
- for (ptr_channel = server->channels; ptr_channel; ...)
- if (irc_server_strcasecmp (...) == 0) return ptr_channel;
+ if (server->channels_hashtable) {
+ char lower[512];
+ snprintf(lower, sizeof(lower), "%s", channel_name);
+ /* lowercase using irc_server_casemapping */
+ return weechat_hashtable_get(server->channels_hashtable, lower);
+ }
+ /* fallback to linear scan */
+ ...
}
```
## Complexity
| Variant | Cost per lookup |
|---------|----------------|
| Before | O(C) — linear scan through all channels |
| After | O(1) — hash table lookup |
| Speedup | C× — at C=1000 channels: 1000× |
## Notes
- IRC servers typically allow users to join 100-2000 channels
- Bots joining many channels (monitoring, bridging) are common and hit this hard
- The `t_irc_server.channels` list is modified on JOIN/PART; the hashtable
must be kept in sync in `irc_channel_new()` and `irc_channel_free()`
- weechat-0001 fixed `nicks_hashtable`; this defect is the parallel issue
for channel lookup on the server

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package unit;
import java.util.*;
/**
* weechat-0003 — CWE-407: irc_channel_search O(C) linked-list scan, no hash index
*
* Models src/plugins/irc/irc-channel.c irc_channel_search():
* Slow: linear walk of server->channels linked list → O(C)
* called ~30+ times per IRC protocol message
* Fast: HashMap<lowerName, channel> → O(1) per lookup
*
* Impact: bots/clients joined to hundreds of channels see O(C × M) per message
* where C = channels, M = channel search calls per message handler.
*/
public class WeechatChannelSearchTest {
static class IrcChannel {
final String name;
IrcChannel next;
IrcChannel(String name) { this.name = name.toLowerCase(); }
}
static class IrcServer {
IrcChannel channels; // linked list head (slow)
int channelCount;
final Map<String, IrcChannel> channelsMap = new HashMap<>(); // fast
}
// Build linked list of C channels
static void buildServer(IrcServer server, int C) {
server.channels = null;
server.channelCount = C;
for (int i = C - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
IrcChannel ch = new IrcChannel("#channel" + i);
ch.next = server.channels;
server.channels = ch;
server.channelsMap.put(ch.name, ch);
}
}
// --- SLOW: O(C) linear scan (defect) ---
static IrcChannel channelSearchSlow(IrcServer server, String name) {
String lower = name.toLowerCase();
for (IrcChannel ch = server.channels; ch != null; ch = ch.next) {
if (ch.name.equals(lower)) return ch;
}
return null;
}
// --- FAST: O(1) hash lookup (fix) ---
static IrcChannel channelSearchFast(IrcServer server, String name) {
return server.channelsMap.get(name.toLowerCase());
}
// Simulate a protocol message handler that calls irc_channel_search N times
static long simulateMessageHandlerSlow(IrcServer server, String[] targets, int callsPerTarget) {
long ops = 0;
for (String target : targets) {
for (int i = 0; i < callsPerTarget; i++) {
// each channelSearchSlow = O(C) — count worst-case ops
String lower = target.toLowerCase();
for (IrcChannel ch = server.channels; ch != null; ch = ch.next) {
ops++;
if (ch.name.equals(lower)) break;
}
}
}
return ops;
}
static long simulateMessageHandlerFast(IrcServer server, String[] targets, int callsPerTarget) {
long ops = 0;
for (String target : targets) {
for (int i = 0; i < callsPerTarget; i++) {
ops++; // O(1) hash lookup
server.channelsMap.get(target.toLowerCase());
}
}
return ops;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("weechat-0003 CWE-407: irc_channel_search O(C) vs O(1)");
System.out.println("=======================================================");
IrcServer server = new IrcServer();
// Parameters: C channels, M=3 search calls per message handler (conservative)
int[][] params = { {100, 3}, {500, 5}, {1000, 10} };
for (int[] p : params) {
int C = p[0], callsPerMsg = p[1];
buildServer(server, C);
// Simulate 100 incoming IRC messages each needing callsPerMsg channel lookups
String[] targets = new String[100];
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
targets[i] = "#channel" + (i % C); // random channels
long slowOps = simulateMessageHandlerSlow(server, targets, callsPerMsg);
long fastOps = simulateMessageHandlerFast(server, targets, callsPerMsg);
double ratio = (double) slowOps / fastOps;
System.out.printf(" C=%4d channels, %d lookups/msg, 100 msgs: slow=%,7d ops fast=%,5d ops speedup=%.0fx%n",
C, callsPerMsg, slowOps, fastOps, ratio);
assert ratio >= (double) C / 4 :
"Expected speedup >= " + (C/4) + "x but got " + ratio + " (C=" + C + ")";
}
System.out.println("\nPASS");
}
}

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# zeek-0002 — Attributes::AddAttr O(A²) during script compilation
## Ecosystem
zeek (C++)
## Severity
LOW-MEDIUM — script compilation path; not per-packet, but scales with
size of Zeek scripts and record type definitions
## Location
`src/Attr.cc`
- `Attributes::Find(AttrTag t)` (~line 264): O(A) linear scan of `attrs` vector
- `Attributes::AddAttr` (~line 191): calls `Find` + `RemoveAttr` — each O(A)
- `Attributes::AddAttrs` (~line 259): calls `AddAttr` for each of A attributes — O(A²) total
- `Attributes::RemoveAttr` (~line 272): O(A) linear scan
## Description
`Attributes` stores a list of `AttrPtr` objects in `std::vector<AttrPtr> attrs`.
There are no O(1) accessors by tag.
`AddAttr` is the hot function: it checks for duplicates using `Find(tag)` (O(A)),
then removes the old copy via `RemoveAttr(tag)` (O(A)), then appends the new one.
It also calls `Find(ATTR_REDEF)` a third time:
```cpp
void Attributes::AddAttr(AttrPtr attr, bool is_redef) {
if ( ! is_redef ) {
auto existing = Find(attr->Tag()); // O(A) scan #1
...
}
RemoveAttr(attr->Tag()); // O(A) scan #2
attrs.emplace_back(attr);
...
if ( ... && ! Find(ATTR_REDEF) ) // O(A) scan #3
attrs.emplace_back(...);
}
```
`AddAttrs` calls `AddAttr` for every attribute in a source list:
```cpp
void Attributes::AddAttrs(const AttributesPtr& a, bool is_redef) {
for ( const auto& attr : a->GetAttrs() ) // O(A) iterations
AddAttr(attr, is_redef); // O(A) per call
}
```
Total cost of `AddAttrs`: O(A²) where A is the number of attributes.
In practice, Zeek record types (common in enterprise scripts) can have many
attributes. During compilation of `redef record ...` statements that add
many `&log`, `&optional`, `&default`, etc. attributes, this becomes noticeable.
Large Zeek script deployments with many redefs on heavily-attributed record
types can see significant compilation slowdowns.
## Fix
Replace the linear `attrs` vector with a small fixed-size array indexed by
`AttrTag` (since `AttrTag` is a small enum), or use an
`std::unordered_map<AttrTag, AttrPtr>` for O(1) Find/Remove:
```cpp
--- a/src/Attr.h
+++ b/src/Attr.h
@@ class Attributes {
- std::vector<AttrPtr> attrs;
+ std::unordered_map<AttrTag, AttrPtr> attr_map; // O(1) find/remove by tag
+ std::vector<AttrPtr> attrs; // kept for ordered iteration
--- a/src/Attr.cc
+++ b/src/Attr.cc
const AttrPtr& Attributes::Find(AttrTag t) const {
- for ( const auto& a : attrs )
- if ( a->Tag() == t ) return a; // O(A) scan eliminated
- return Attr::nil;
+ auto it = attr_map.find(t);
+ if ( it != attr_map.end() ) return it->second;
+ return Attr::nil;
}
void Attributes::RemoveAttr(AttrTag t) {
- for ( auto it = attrs.begin(); it != attrs.end(); ) {
- if ( (*it)->Tag() == t ) it = attrs.erase(it);
- else ++it;
- }
+ auto it = attr_map.find(t);
+ if ( it != attr_map.end() ) {
+ attrs.erase(std::remove_if(attrs.begin(), attrs.end(),
+ [t](const AttrPtr& a){ return a->Tag() == t; }), attrs.end());
+ attr_map.erase(it);
+ }
}
```
## Complexity
| Variant | AddAttr cost | AddAttrs(A attrs) total |
|---------|-------------|------------------------|
| Before | O(A) | O(A²) |
| After | O(1) | O(A) |
| Speedup | A× (number of attributes) |
## Notes
- `AttrTag` has ~40 enum values; a fixed array indexed by tag would work too
and would avoid hash overhead
- The `attrs` vector is still needed for ordered iteration in `Describe()`
and `CheckAttr()`; the map is an additional O(1) index, not a replacement
- Zeek compilation for large enterprises with hundreds of script files and
many record redefs can involve thousands of `AddAttrs` calls

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package unit;
import java.util.*;
/**
* zeek-0002 — CWE-407: Attributes::AddAttrs O(A²) during script compilation
*
* Models src/Attr.cc Attributes::AddAttr/AddAttrs/Find/RemoveAttr:
* Slow: attrs stored as std::vector; Find() and RemoveAttr() are O(A) each.
* AddAttr() calls Find + RemoveAttr + Find = 3×O(A).
* AddAttrs(A attrs) → O(A²) total.
* Fast: attrs indexed by tag in HashMap → O(1) Find/Remove per AddAttr.
*
* Trigger: Zeek script compilation of `redef record` with many attributes.
* Large enterprise deployments can have record types with 20-50+ attributes
* redefined across many script files.
*/
public class ZeekAttributesFindTest {
// Simplified AttrTag enum (Zeek has ~40 values)
enum AttrTag {
LOG, OPTIONAL, DEFAULT, REDEF, DEPRECATED, ERROR_HANDLER,
ADD_FUNC, DEL_FUNC, EXPIRE_READ, EXPIRE_WRITE, EXPIRE_CREATE,
EXPIRE_FUNC, TYPE_COLUMN, BROKER_STORE, BACKEND, RAW_OUTPUT,
IS_USED, NO_CPP_OPT, NO_ZAM_OPT, BROKER_STORE_ALLOW_COMPLEX,
A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30;
}
static class Attr {
final AttrTag tag;
Attr(AttrTag tag) { this.tag = tag; }
}
// --- SLOW: vector-based Attributes (defect) ---
static class AttributesSlow {
final List<Attr> attrs = new ArrayList<>();
long ops = 0;
Attr find(AttrTag tag) {
for (Attr a : attrs) { ops++; if (a.tag == tag) return a; }
return null;
}
void removeAttr(AttrTag tag) {
attrs.removeIf(a -> { ops++; return a.tag == tag; });
}
void addAttr(Attr attr) {
find(attr.tag); // O(A) scan #1 - check for dup
removeAttr(attr.tag); // O(A) scan #2 - remove old
attrs.add(attr);
find(AttrTag.REDEF); // O(A) scan #3 - check redef
}
void addAttrs(List<Attr> newAttrs) {
for (Attr a : newAttrs) addAttr(a);
}
}
// --- FAST: map-indexed Attributes (fix) ---
static class AttributesFast {
final Map<AttrTag, Attr> attrMap = new HashMap<>();
final List<Attr> attrs = new ArrayList<>(); // preserved for ordered iteration
long ops = 0;
Attr find(AttrTag tag) {
ops++; // O(1) map lookup
return attrMap.get(tag);
}
void removeAttr(AttrTag tag) {
ops++; // O(1) map remove
if (attrMap.remove(tag) != null)
attrs.removeIf(a -> a.tag == tag);
}
void addAttr(Attr attr) {
find(attr.tag); // O(1) check #1
removeAttr(attr.tag); // O(1) remove
attrs.add(attr);
attrMap.put(attr.tag, attr);
find(AttrTag.REDEF); // O(1) check #2
}
void addAttrs(List<Attr> newAttrs) {
for (Attr a : newAttrs) addAttr(a);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("zeek-0002 CWE-407: Attributes::AddAttrs O(A²) vs O(A)");
System.out.println("=======================================================");
AttrTag[] allTags = AttrTag.values();
for (int A : new int[]{ 10, 20, 30 }) {
// Build list of A attributes to add
List<Attr> toAdd = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < A; i++)
toAdd.add(new Attr(allTags[i % allTags.length]));
// Simulate AddAttrs on a type being redef'd
AttributesSlow slow = new AttributesSlow();
AttributesFast fast = new AttributesFast();
slow.addAttrs(toAdd);
fast.addAttrs(toAdd);
double ratio = (double) slow.ops / fast.ops;
System.out.printf(" A=%2d attributes: slow=%,5d ops fast=%,4d ops speedup=%.1fx%n",
A, slow.ops, fast.ops, ratio);
assert slow.ops > fast.ops * (A / 4) :
"Expected slow > fast*" + (A/4) + " but slow=" + slow.ops + " fast=" + fast.ops;
}
System.out.println("\nPASS");
}
}