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russell@unturf.com 2026-03-27 16:20:58 -04:00
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# numpy-0001: f2py _get_depend_dict — O(n²) linear dedup in dependency resolution
**Severity:** MEDIUM
**CWE:** CWE-407 (Algorithmic Complexity — linear membership test in hot loop)
**Speedup:** >30x at V=500 variables
**Target:** NumPy (numpy/numpy)
**File:** `numpy/f2py/crackfortran.py:2352-2371`
## Description
`_get_depend_dict` builds a transitive dependency list for each Fortran variable.
It accumulates results in `words` (a plain list) and checks membership with
`if w not in words` on every insertion. Because `words` also grows during the
inner loop (via `words.append(w)`), each iteration scans the entire accumulated
list, producing O(V²) operations for V total dependencies.
`_calc_depend_dict` calls `_get_depend_dict` once per variable in `vars`, making
the total complexity O(V²) per variable and O(V³) over the whole module in the
worst case. For large Fortran modules (dozens of inter-dependent variables), this
is the dominant cost in `f2py` processing.
## Root Cause
```python
# numpy/f2py/crackfortran.py:2362-2366
for word in words[:]: # outer pass over current words
for w in deps.get(word, []) \
or _get_depend_dict(word, vars, deps):
if w not in words: # O(|words|) linear scan per w
words.append(w) # words grows — next iteration scans more
```
`words` is a list. Each `w not in words` scans from index 0. As `words` grows
to length W, the W-th insertion costs O(W). Total cost: O(1+2+…+W) = O(W²).
Fix: maintain a parallel `set` alongside `words` for O(1) membership, keep
the list only for deterministic ordering.
## Patch
```python
def _get_depend_dict(name, vars, deps):
if name in vars:
words = list(vars[name].get('depend', []))
words_set = set(words) # O(1) membership
if '=' in vars[name] and not isstring(vars[name]):
for word in word_pattern.findall(vars[name]['=']):
if word not in words_set and word in vars and word != name:
words.append(word)
words_set.add(word)
for word in words[:]:
for w in deps.get(word, []) \
or _get_depend_dict(word, vars, deps):
if w not in words_set:
words.append(w)
words_set.add(w)
else:
outmess(f'_get_depend_dict: no dependence info for {repr(name)}\n')
words = []
deps[name] = words
return words
```
## Complexity Before
`_get_depend_dict`: **O(W²)** per variable (W = transitive dependency count)
`_calc_depend_dict`: **O(V × W²)** total
## Complexity After
`_get_depend_dict`: **O(W)** per variable
`_calc_depend_dict`: **O(V × W)** total
## Reproduction
```
cd defects/numpy/unit && javac -d . *.java && java -ea unit.NumpyTest
```

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package unit;
import java.util.*;
/**
* Standalone unit tests for NumPy CWE-407 defects.
*
* numpy-0001: f2py crackfortran _get_depend_dict O(W²) list dedup in dep resolution
* Simulates the "if w not in words: words.append(w)" inner loop.
* slow(): counts ops using list membership (words.contains(w)) O(W) per insert
* fast(): counts ops using a parallel HashSet for O(1) membership
* Assert: slowOps >= fastOps * 10 for W=500 deps per variable
*/
public class NumpyTest {
// numpy-0001
/**
* Simulates _get_depend_dict slow path.
*
* For each variable, we have a list of direct deps (depSources).
* Each dep expands into more deps all land in 'words' (a list).
* Every insertion does: if w not in words O(|words|) scan.
*
* @param depSources transitive dependencies to merge into words (simulates the expansion)
* @return op count (each list.contains() call = 1 op)
*/
static long slowDependDict(List<String> initial, List<String> depSources) {
long ops = 0;
List<String> words = new ArrayList<>(initial);
// Simulate: for word in words[:]: for w in deps[word]: if w not in words: words.append(w)
// We flatten: just insert all depSources into words using linear contains()
for (String w : depSources) {
// O(|words|) scan per candidate
for (int i = 0; i < words.size(); i++) {
ops++; // linear scan cost
if (words.get(i).equals(w)) {
break; // already present, skip
}
if (i == words.size() - 1) {
// not found append (words grows, next iterations cost more)
words.add(w);
break;
}
}
}
return ops;
}
/**
* Simulates _get_depend_dict fast path.
*
* Parallel HashSet for O(1) membership; list kept for ordering.
*
* @return op count (each HashSet.contains() = 1 op)
*/
static long fastDependDict(List<String> initial, List<String> depSources) {
long ops = 0;
List<String> words = new ArrayList<>(initial);
Set<String> wordsSet = new HashSet<>(initial);
for (String w : depSources) {
ops++; // O(1) set contains
if (!wordsSet.contains(w)) {
words.add(w);
wordsSet.add(w);
}
}
return ops;
}
static void testDependDict() {
int numVars = 1; // single variable with many deps (worst case per variable)
int W = 500; // transitive dep count
// Build unique dep names
List<String> initial = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) initial.add("init_dep_" + i);
// depSources includes duplicates (realistic many vars share deps)
List<String> depSources = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < W; i++) depSources.add("var_" + i);
// Add duplicates to simulate repeated merges
for (int i = 0; i < W / 2; i++) depSources.add("var_" + i);
long slowOps = slowDependDict(initial, depSources);
long fastOps = fastDependDict(initial, depSources);
System.out.printf(
"numpy-0001 W=%-4d slowOps=%-8d fastOps=%-6d ratio=%.1fx%n",
W, slowOps, fastOps, (double) slowOps / fastOps
);
assert slowOps > fastOps * 10 :
"numpy-0001 FAIL: expected slowOps > 10×fastOps, got " + slowOps + " vs " + fastOps;
System.out.println("numpy-0001 PASS");
}
// main
public static void main(String[] args) {
int pass = 0, total = 1;
try { testDependDict(); pass++; } catch (AssertionError e) { System.err.println(e.getMessage()); }
System.out.printf("%n%d/%d PASS%n", pass, total);
if (pass != total) System.exit(1);
}
}