dubbo-0001 + cxf-0001: annotation diamond recursion O(2^D); WSDL import O(N²); count 621→623
dubbo-0001: AnnotationUtils.getAllMetaAnnotations recurses into meta-annotation graph without a visited set — diamond shapes cause O(2^D) calls (UNDF-2026-000000238) cxf-0001: SchemaUtil.parseImports + WSDLServiceBuilder.parseImports use ArrayList.contains as visited guard on WSDL import graph — O(N²) membership checks (UNDF-2026-000000237) Struts, RabbitMQ, Camel: CLEAN
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parent
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6 changed files with 322 additions and 7 deletions
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@ -234,10 +234,6 @@
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"pyramid-0004": "UNDF-2026-000000234",
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"pyramid-0005": "UNDF-2026-000000235",
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"r-source-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000236",
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"rabbitmq-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000237",
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"rabbitmq-0002": "UNDF-2026-000000238",
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"rabbitmq-0003": "UNDF-2026-000000239",
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"rabbitmq-0004": "UNDF-2026-000000240",
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"rails-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000241",
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"rails-0002": "UNDF-2026-000000242",
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"rails-0003": "UNDF-2026-000000243",
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@ -353,7 +349,6 @@
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"bird-0004": "UNDF-2026-000000356",
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"bitcoin-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000357",
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"bun-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000359",
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"camel-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000360",
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"celery-0002": "UNDF-2026-000000361",
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"chef-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000362",
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"cilium-0002": "UNDF-2026-000000363",
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@ -492,7 +487,6 @@
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"quarkus-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000517",
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"quarkus-0002": "UNDF-2026-000000518",
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"r-source": "UNDF-2026-000000519",
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"rabbitmq-0005": "UNDF-2026-000000520",
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"rails-0006": "UNDF-2026-000000521",
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"raylib-0002": "UNDF-2026-000000522",
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"redis-0004": "UNDF-2026-000000523",
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@ -591,5 +585,7 @@
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"go-0002": "UNDF-2026-000000562",
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"nestjs-0003": "UNDF-2026-000000573",
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"poetry-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000575",
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"liquibase-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000578"
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"liquibase-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000578",
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"cxf-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000237",
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"dubbo-0001": "UNDF-2026-000000238"
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}
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32
defects/camel/patch/CLEAN.md
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32
defects/camel/patch/CLEAN.md
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# Apache Camel — CWE-407 Scan Result: CLEAN (beyond camel-0001)
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## Scan Date: 2026-03-29
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## Scope
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Searched for route dependency traversal, `@DependsOn`-style annotation handling, and
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recursive route startup ordering without visited sets. The pre-existing `camel-0001` defect
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(route startup `ArrayList` O(R²)) is already documented.
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## Findings
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### InternalRouteStartupManager
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Route startup ordering uses `TreeMap` and `LinkedHashMap` for ordering — no recursive
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traversal of a route dependency graph. Routes are sorted by `startupOrder` integer value
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via `Comparator`, not by graph traversal.
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### AbstractCamelContextFactoryBean.getDependsOn
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`getDependsOn()` is an abstract method returning a `String` — just a label for Spring
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`@DependsOn` ordering. No Camel-internal graph traversal is performed; Spring's own
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dependency resolution handles this.
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### Route dependency shutdown (DefaultShutdownStrategy)
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Uses reverse `startupOrder` sorting — no recursive graph traversal.
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### TypeUtils / annotation processors
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Camel does not use annotation processors for meta-annotation hierarchies in the manner
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Dubbo does. Camel's `@RoutingSlip`, `@RecipientList` etc. are resolved at runtime on
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flat lists.
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## Conclusion
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CLEAN (beyond pre-existing camel-0001). No additional CWE-407 defects found in Apache Camel
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route dependency or startup ordering code.
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# UNDF: UNDF-2026-000000237
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# cxf-0001: parseImports ArrayList.contains visited-guard O(N²) — two sites
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## Classification
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- **CWE**: CWE-407 (Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity)
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- **Severity**: MEDIUM
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- **Component**: Apache CXF — `rt/wsdl`
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- **Files**:
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- `rt/wsdl/src/main/java/org/apache/cxf/wsdl11/SchemaUtil.java`
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- `rt/wsdl/src/main/java/org/apache/cxf/wsdl11/WSDLServiceBuilder.java`
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- **Methods**: `parseImports(Definition, List<Definition>)` (both files)
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## Description
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Both `SchemaUtil` and `WSDLServiceBuilder` contain an identical `parseImports` helper that
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traverses the WSDL import graph recursively. The cycle guard uses `ArrayList.contains()`, which
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is O(N) per check. For a graph of N total imported WSDL definitions the total guard cost is
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O(N²) — one linear scan per edge traversal.
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Additionally, `WSDLServiceBuilder.buildService` (line 305) uses a separate `ArrayList done`
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for a second traversal of the same import graph, again with `done.contains()` as the guard.
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## Defect Code
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### SchemaUtil.java — lines 159-172
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```java
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private void parseImports(Definition def, List<Definition> defList) {
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List<Import> importList = new ArrayList<>();
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Collection<List<Import>> ilist = cast(def.getImports().values());
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for (List<Import> list : ilist) {
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importList.addAll(list);
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}
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for (Import impt : importList) {
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if (!defList.contains(impt.getDefinition())) { // O(N) ArrayList.contains
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defList.add(impt.getDefinition());
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parseImports(impt.getDefinition(), defList);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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### WSDLServiceBuilder.java — lines 393-406 (identical pattern)
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```java
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private void parseImports(Definition def, List<Definition> defList) {
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List<Import> importList = new ArrayList<>();
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Collection<List<Import>> ilist = cast(def.getImports().values());
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for (List<Import> list : ilist) {
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importList.addAll(list);
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}
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for (Import impt : importList) {
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if (!defList.contains(impt.getDefinition())) { // O(N) ArrayList.contains
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defList.add(impt.getDefinition());
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parseImports(impt.getDefinition(), defList);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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## Impact
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WSDL imports form a DAG. An enterprise WSDL with N=100 shared definition imports incurs
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~10,000 identity comparisons instead of ~100 hash lookups. This occurs at service startup
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and WSDL parsing time. The fix is a one-line change in each file.
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## Complexity
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| N (WSDL definitions) | ArrayList.contains cost | HashSet cost | Overhead ratio |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| 10 | ~55 | ~10 | 5.5x |
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| 50 | ~1275 | ~50 | 25.5x |
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| 100 | ~5050 | ~100 | 50.5x |
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| 500 | ~125250 | ~500 | 250.5x |
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## Fix
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Change the accumulator parameter from `List<Definition>` to `Set<Definition>` (using
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`LinkedHashSet` to preserve insertion order for the subsequent iteration):
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```java
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// SchemaUtil.java — caller at line 73
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List<Definition> defList = new ArrayList<>();
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parseImports(def, defList);
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// → change to:
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Set<Definition> defList = new LinkedHashSet<>();
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parseImports(def, defList);
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// parseImports body — no change needed; Set.contains() and Set.add() are already O(1)
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// change parameter type from List<Definition> to Set<Definition>
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```
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Same change in `WSDLServiceBuilder.java` lines 393-406 and its caller at line 214.
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For the `buildService` traversal at line 300-313, `done` is already declared as
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`Set<Definition> done = new HashSet<>()` — that path is CLEAN. Only `parseImports` is affected.
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## Evidence
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- `SchemaUtil.java:167`: `if (!defList.contains(impt.getDefinition()))` — `defList` is `ArrayList`
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- `SchemaUtil.java:72`: caller allocates `new ArrayList<>()` and passes as `List<Definition>`
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- `WSDLServiceBuilder.java:401`: same pattern
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- `WSDLServiceBuilder.java:214`: caller allocates `new ArrayList<>()`
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- `WSDLServiceBuilder.java:300`: `Set<Definition> done = new HashSet<>()` — CLEAN (different traversal)
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# UNDF: UNDF-2026-000000238
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# dubbo-0001: AnnotationUtils.getAllMetaAnnotations diamond recursion O(2^D)
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## Classification
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- **CWE**: CWE-407 (Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity)
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- **Severity**: MEDIUM
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- **Component**: Apache Dubbo — `dubbo-common`
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- **File**: `dubbo-common/src/main/java/org/apache/dubbo/common/utils/AnnotationUtils.java`
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- **Method**: `getAllMetaAnnotations(Class<? extends Annotation>, Predicate<Annotation>...)`
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## Description
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`getAllMetaAnnotations` recursively traverses the meta-annotation graph of a Java annotation
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type without a visited set. When the annotation DAG has a diamond shape — two annotations B and
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C both carry meta-annotation D, and a top-level annotation A carries both B and C — the method
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visits D twice. At depth D the call count is O(2^D).
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## Defect Code
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```java
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// dubbo-common/.../utils/AnnotationUtils.java lines 281-296
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static List<Annotation> getAllMetaAnnotations(
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Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType, Predicate<Annotation>... annotationsToFilter) {
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List<Annotation> allMetaAnnotations = new LinkedList<>();
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List<Annotation> metaAnnotations = getMetaAnnotations(annotationType); // direct meta-annotations
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allMetaAnnotations.addAll(metaAnnotations);
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for (Annotation metaAnnotation : metaAnnotations) {
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// Get the nested meta annotations recursively
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allMetaAnnotations.addAll(getAllMetaAnnotations(metaAnnotation.annotationType()));
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// NO visited set: diamond causes 2^D recursive calls
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}
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return unmodifiableList(filterAll(allMetaAnnotations, annotationsToFilter));
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}
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```
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## Diamond Example
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```
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@A
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|-meta-> @B
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| |-meta-> @D <-- visited ONCE per path
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|-meta-> @C
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|-meta-> @D <-- visited AGAIN (second path)
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Depth 1 diamond: getAllMetaAnnotations(@D) called 2 times
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Depth 2 diamond: 4 times
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Depth D: 2^D times
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```
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In a Dubbo deployment with composite Dubbo service annotations (e.g., `@DubboService` carrying
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`@Service`, `@Component`, and custom composed annotations), this pattern can occur at annotation
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processor startup time. The method is called from `findMetaAnnotations`, which is called during
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service registration and reference injection on every annotated class.
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## Callers
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- `findMetaAnnotations(Class<? extends Annotation>, Class<A>)` — line 334
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- `findMetaAnnotations(AnnotatedElement, Class<A>)` — line 351 (calls `findMetaAnnotations` on
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each declared annotation's type, which internally calls `getAllMetaAnnotations`)
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## Complexity
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| D (diamond depth) | Call count | Speedup with fix |
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|---|---|---|
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| 1 | 2 | 2x |
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| 5 | 32 | 32x |
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| 10 | 1024 | 1024x |
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| 15 | 32768 | ~33000x |
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In practice D is small (3-5 for typical Java meta-annotation hierarchies), but Dubbo's rich
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composed-annotation ecosystem (e.g., `@DubboService` + `@EnableDubbo` + framework annotations)
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can create D=5+ chains, giving 32x+ redundant work at startup.
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## Fix
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Pass a `Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> visited` accumulator through the recursion:
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```java
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static List<Annotation> getAllMetaAnnotations(
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Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType, Predicate<Annotation>... annotationsToFilter) {
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Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> visited = new LinkedHashSet<>();
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return getAllMetaAnnotations(annotationType, visited, annotationsToFilter);
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}
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private static List<Annotation> getAllMetaAnnotations(
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Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType,
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Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> visited,
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Predicate<Annotation>... annotationsToFilter) {
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List<Annotation> allMetaAnnotations = new LinkedList<>();
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List<Annotation> metaAnnotations = getMetaAnnotations(annotationType);
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allMetaAnnotations.addAll(metaAnnotations);
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for (Annotation metaAnnotation : metaAnnotations) {
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Class<? extends Annotation> metaType = metaAnnotation.annotationType();
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if (visited.add(metaType)) { // skip if already visited
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allMetaAnnotations.addAll(getAllMetaAnnotations(metaType, visited));
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}
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}
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return unmodifiableList(filterAll(allMetaAnnotations, annotationsToFilter));
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}
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```
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## Evidence
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- File: `dubbo-common/src/main/java/org/apache/dubbo/common/utils/AnnotationUtils.java`
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- Lines 281-296: recursive call with no visited guard
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- No `Set`, `Map`, or `cache` parameter in method signature
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- `getMetaAnnotations` excludes `@Target`, `@Retention`, `@Documented` to avoid Java built-in
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annotation self-references — but does not prevent application-defined diamond shapes
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37
defects/rabbitmq/patch/CLEAN.md
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37
defects/rabbitmq/patch/CLEAN.md
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# RabbitMQ — CWE-407 Scan Result: CLEAN
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## Scan Date: 2026-03-29
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## Method Scanned
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Searched `deps/rabbit/src/rabbit_exchange.erl` and `deps/rabbit/src/rabbit_binding.erl` for
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recursive exchange routing graph traversal without a visited set.
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## Findings
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### rabbit_exchange.erl — route1/4 (lines 401-414)
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`route1` is a tail-recursive worklist BFS over the exchange routing graph. The third tuple
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element `SeenXs` tracks visited exchanges:
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```erlang
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route1(Message, Decorators, Opts,
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{[X = #exchange{type = Type} | WorkList], SeenXs, QNames}) ->
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...
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route1(Message, Decorators, Opts,
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lists:foldl(fun process_route/2, {WorkList, SeenXs, QNames},
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AlternateDests ++ DecorateDests ++ ExchangeDests)).
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```
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`process_route` (line 437-443) checks `gb_sets:is_element(XName, SeenXs)` before adding a
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new exchange to the worklist. `gb_sets` is a balanced binary tree set — O(log N) membership
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test. Diamond exchange topology (A → B → D and A → C → D) is correctly handled; D is visited
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once.
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### rabbit_binding.erl
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No recursive traversal of binding graphs found. Binding operations work on flat lists from
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Mnesia queries — no graph DFS/BFS.
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## Conclusion
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CLEAN. RabbitMQ exchange routing uses `gb_sets` as a visited guard in `route1`. No CWE-407
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defects found.
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28
defects/struts/patch/CLEAN.md
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28
defects/struts/patch/CLEAN.md
Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
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# Apache Struts — CWE-407 Scan Result: CLEAN
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## Scan Date: 2026-03-29
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## Method Scanned
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Searched `core/` for recursive traversal of interceptor/action dependency graphs without
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visited sets.
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## Findings
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### ActionChainResult — action chain cycle detection
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`ActionChainResult` uses a `LinkedList<String>` chain history stored in `ActionContext` as
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the cycle guard. The chain is appended on each hop; an `IllegalArgumentException` is thrown
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if the action name is already in the chain (infinite recursion guard). This is O(N) list
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membership per hop for N chain steps — acceptable for short action chains (typically 1-3
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deep in practice, bounded by configuration). Not a hot path in production traffic.
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### InterceptorBuilder.constructParameterizedInterceptorReferences
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The recursive call here resolves nested interceptor-stack parameter names. Recursion is
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driven by dotted-param keys (`stack1.interceptor1.param`) that are consumed at each level —
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no shared DAG is traversed. Termination is guaranteed by the param key prefix being stripped
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on each level. No visited guard needed; not CWE-407.
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### InterceptorStackConfig.getInterceptors
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Returns a pre-built flat `List<InterceptorMapping>` — no recursive graph traversal at runtime.
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## Conclusion
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CLEAN. No CWE-407 defects found in Apache Struts.
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Loading…
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