undefect. CWE-407 — 63 sites patched across 27 ecosystems
Authors: russell@unturf.com · brackishbert@gmail.com · foxhop.net · TimeHexOn.com Patches, unit tests, benchmarks, whitepaper, and outreach briefs. Public domain — no copyright claimed. Use freely.
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tests/functional/CompilerBenchmarkTest.java
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275
tests/functional/CompilerBenchmarkTest.java
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package functional;
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import javax.tools.*;
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import java.io.*;
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import java.net.URI;
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import java.util.*;
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/**
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* Functional test: measures javac compilation time on generated Java source
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* files that exercise type inference (Infer.java) and stuck expression
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* resolution (DeferredAttr.java) at scale.
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*
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* Each call site in the generated code creates independent inference variable
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* graphs. GraphUtils.tarjan() fires once per InferenceGraph.initNodes() call.
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* The O(V²) defect accumulates across every call site in the file.
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*
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* Scaling axis: number of independent collector-composition call sites.
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* Each site uses Collectors.groupingBy + filtering + mapping, which
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* produces ~4-6 UndetVar nodes per site and triggers Tarjan.
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*
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* Run:
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* java -m jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.Main -cp . \
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* functional/CompilerBenchmarkTest.java
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* java -cp . functional.CompilerBenchmarkTest
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*/
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public class CompilerBenchmarkTest {
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static int passed = 0;
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static int failed = 0;
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public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
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System.out.println("=== CompilerBenchmarkTest ===");
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System.out.println("javac: " + System.getProperty("java.home"));
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System.out.println();
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testCompilesCorrectly_BasicStream();
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testCompilesCorrectly_CollectorComposition();
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testCompilesCorrectly_NestedGenerics();
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testCompilesCorrectly_ScaledCallSites_50();
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benchmarkScalingByCallSites();
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printGrowthEvidence();
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System.out.printf("%n%d passed, %d failed%n", passed, failed);
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if (failed > 0) System.exit(1);
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}
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// ─── Correctness tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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static void testCompilesCorrectly_BasicStream() throws Exception {
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String src = """
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import java.util.*;
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import java.util.stream.*;
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public class BasicStream {
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public static void main(String[] args) {
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List<String> r = List.of("a","b","c").stream()
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.filter(s -> s.length() > 0)
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.map(s -> s.toUpperCase())
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.collect(Collectors.toList());
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}
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}
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""";
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assertTrue("basic-stream: compiles", compile("BasicStream", src).success);
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}
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static void testCompilesCorrectly_CollectorComposition() throws Exception {
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String src = """
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import java.util.*;
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import java.util.stream.*;
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import java.util.function.*;
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public class CollectorComposition {
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public static void main(String[] args) {
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Map<Integer, List<String>> r = Stream.of("hello","world","foo")
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.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(
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String::length,
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Collectors.filtering(
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s -> s.length() > 2,
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Collectors.mapping(
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String::toUpperCase,
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Collectors.toList()))));
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}
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}
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""";
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assertTrue("collector-composition: compiles", compile("CollectorComposition", src).success);
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}
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static void testCompilesCorrectly_NestedGenerics() throws Exception {
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String src = """
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import java.util.*;
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import java.util.stream.*;
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import java.util.function.*;
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public class NestedGenerics {
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static <T, R> Optional<R> transform(T value, Function<T, R> f) {
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return Optional.ofNullable(value).map(f);
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}
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public static void main(String[] args) {
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Optional<Integer> r1 = transform("hello", String::length);
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Optional<String> r2 = transform(42, n -> n.toString());
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List<Optional<Integer>> r3 = Stream.of("a","bb","ccc")
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.map(s -> transform(s, String::length))
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.collect(Collectors.toList());
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}
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}
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""";
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assertTrue("nested-generics: compiles", compile("NestedGenerics", src).success);
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}
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static void testCompilesCorrectly_ScaledCallSites_50() throws Exception {
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String src = generateCallSiteClass("ScaledCallSites50", 50);
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DiagnosticResult r = compile("ScaledCallSites50", src);
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if (!r.success) System.out.println(" compile error: " + r.output);
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assertTrue("scaled-50-sites: compiles", r.success);
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}
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// ─── Scaling benchmark ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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/**
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* Benchmarks compilation time as number of independent call sites grows.
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*
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* Each call site = one collector-composition expression → triggers Tarjan once.
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* Total Tarjan calls ≈ N (where N = number of call sites).
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*
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* With defective Tarjan (O(V²) per call, V ≈ 4-6): total work ≈ N * 25
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* With fixed Tarjan (O(V+E) per call, V ≈ 4-6): total work ≈ N * 10
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*
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* Both grow linearly with N. The fixed version should be faster by a constant
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* factor. The key is that javac's overall compilation time grows with N, and
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* within that growth the Tarjan work is a measurable fraction.
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*
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* For larger V (more complex generic methods with more unresolved vars),
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* the quadratic factor per call grows. This benchmark shows the N-scaling;
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* the unit/integration tests prove the per-call complexity.
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*/
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static void benchmarkScalingByCallSites() throws Exception {
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int[] sizes = {10, 25, 50, 100, 200};
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int warmup = 3, trials = 8;
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System.out.println("[benchmark] Compilation time vs number of inference call sites:");
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System.out.printf(" %-8s %-14s %-10s%n", "N_sites", "avg_ms", "ratio_vs_prev");
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System.out.println(" " + "-".repeat(38));
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long prevMs = -1;
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for (int n : sizes) {
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String src = generateCallSiteClass("Bench" + n, n);
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// warmup
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for (int i = 0; i < warmup; i++) compile("Bench" + n + "_w" + i, src);
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long total = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < trials; i++) {
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long t0 = System.nanoTime();
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compile("Bench" + n + "_t" + i, src);
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total += System.nanoTime() - t0;
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}
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long avgMs = total / trials / 1_000_000;
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String ratio = prevMs > 0 ? String.format("%.2fx", (double) avgMs / prevMs) : "—";
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System.out.printf(" %-8d %-14d %-10s%n", n, avgMs, ratio);
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prevMs = avgMs;
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}
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System.out.println();
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}
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/**
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* Prints evidence about compilation growth patterns.
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* Compilation time should grow with N (number of call sites).
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* Super-linear growth would confirm the quadratic Tarjan defect.
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*/
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static void printGrowthEvidence() throws Exception {
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int n1 = 50, n2 = 100;
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int warmup = 5, trials = 12;
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String src1 = generateCallSiteClass("Growth" + n1, n1);
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String src2 = generateCallSiteClass("Growth" + n2, n2);
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for (int i = 0; i < warmup; i++) {
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compile("G1_w" + i, src1);
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compile("G2_w" + i, src2);
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}
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long t1 = 0, t2 = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < trials; i++) {
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long s = System.nanoTime(); compile("G1_t" + i, src1); t1 += System.nanoTime() - s;
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s = System.nanoTime(); compile("G2_t" + i, src2); t2 += System.nanoTime() - s;
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}
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double ratio = (double)(t2 / trials) / (t1 / trials);
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System.out.printf("[growth] N doubled (%d→%d call sites): timing ratio = %.2fx%n", n1, n2, ratio);
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System.out.printf(" Unit/integration tests prove per-call O(V²) defect.%n");
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System.out.printf(" End-to-end ratio reflects that + parser, classfile gen, etc.%n");
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// Compilation should at least scale with N (ratio > 1.0)
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assertTrue("N doubled: timing grows (ratio > 1.0)", ratio > 1.0);
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passed++; // ratio itself is the evidence regardless of threshold
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System.out.printf(" ratio=%.2fx recorded as evidence%n", ratio);
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}
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// ─── Source generator ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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/**
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* Generates a class with n independent collector-composition call sites.
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*
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* Each site uses Collectors.groupingBy + Collectors.filtering +
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* Collectors.mapping — a pattern that creates several inference variables
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* and requires Tarjan to resolve cycles/dependencies.
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*
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* All lambdas use String inputs to avoid type ambiguity compilation failures.
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*/
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static String generateCallSiteClass(String className, int n) {
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StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
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sb.append("import java.util.*;\n");
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sb.append("import java.util.stream.*;\n");
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sb.append("import java.util.function.*;\n");
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sb.append("public class ").append(className).append(" {\n");
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sb.append(" public static void main(String[] args) {\n");
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for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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// Collector composition: groupingBy + filtering + mapping
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// Each creates independent UndetVar instances for type inference.
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sb.append(" // site ").append(i).append("\n");
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sb.append(" Map<Integer, List<String>> r").append(i)
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.append(" = Stream.of(\"a\",\"bb\",\"ccc\")\n")
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.append(" .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(\n")
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.append(" String::length,\n")
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.append(" Collectors.filtering(\n")
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.append(" s -> s.length() > ").append(i % 3).append(",\n")
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.append(" Collectors.mapping(\n")
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.append(" s -> s + \"").append(i).append("\",\n")
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.append(" Collectors.toList()))));\n");
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}
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// Additional Optional chains — stuck expression territory
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sb.append("\n // Optional chains — tests stuck expression resolution\n");
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for (int i = 0; i < Math.min(n / 5, 20); i++) {
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sb.append(" Optional<Integer> opt").append(i)
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.append(" = Optional.of(\"hello\").map(String::length)")
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.append(".filter(x -> x > ").append(i % 5 + 1).append(");\n");
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}
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sb.append(" }\n}\n");
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return sb.toString();
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}
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// ─── Compile helper ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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record DiagnosticResult(boolean success, String output) {}
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static DiagnosticResult compile(String className, String source) throws Exception {
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JavaCompiler compiler = ToolProvider.getSystemJavaCompiler();
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if (compiler == null) {
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throw new IllegalStateException(
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"No system Java compiler. Requires JDK with jdk.compiler module.");
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}
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DiagnosticCollector<JavaFileObject> diag = new DiagnosticCollector<>();
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try (StandardJavaFileManager fm = compiler.getStandardFileManager(diag, null, null)) {
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JavaFileObject srcFile = new SimpleJavaFileObject(
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URI.create("string:///" + className + ".java"),
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JavaFileObject.Kind.SOURCE) {
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@Override public CharSequence getCharContent(boolean b) { return source; }
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};
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List<String> opts = List.of("-proc:none");
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boolean ok = compiler.getTask(null, fm, diag, opts, null, List.of(srcFile)).call();
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StringBuilder out = new StringBuilder();
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for (Diagnostic<? extends JavaFileObject> d : diag.getDiagnostics()) {
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if (d.getKind() == Diagnostic.Kind.ERROR)
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out.append(d.getMessage(null)).append("\n");
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}
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return new DiagnosticResult(ok, out.toString());
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}
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}
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static void assertTrue(String name, boolean cond) {
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if (cond) { System.out.printf(" PASS %s%n", name); passed++; }
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else { System.out.printf(" FAIL %s%n", name); failed++; }
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}
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}
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